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was adapted to run on the Arecibo Observatory's [[CDC 3000 series|CDC 3200]] computer
 
was adapted to run on the Arecibo Observatory's [[CDC 3000 series|CDC 3200]] computer
 
<ref name=”LovelaceTaylor2012”>[http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/2012Obs...132..186L "On the Discovery of the Period of the Crab Nebula Pulsar"] R.V.E. Lovelace & G. Leonard Tyler, 2012, The Observatory, V. 132, p. 186-188</ref>. This program helped to separate the periodic pulsar signal from the noise, and one night he discovered the period of the [[Crab pulsar]], which is approximately 33 ms.
 
<ref name=”LovelaceTaylor2012”>[http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/2012Obs...132..186L "On the Discovery of the Period of the Crab Nebula Pulsar"] R.V.E. Lovelace & G. Leonard Tyler, 2012, The Observatory, V. 132, p. 186-188</ref>. This program helped to separate the periodic pulsar signal from the noise, and one night he discovered the period of the [[Crab pulsar]], which is approximately 33 ms.
<ref name = "Comella1969">[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Natur.221..453C/abstract "Crab nebula pulsar NP 0532"] 1969, J. M. Comella, H. D. Craft, R. V. E. Lovelace, J. M. Sutton, G. L. Tyler, ''Nature'' 221 (5179), 453-454.</ref><ref name=”Lang2013”>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nq_1CAAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA1&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false "Astrophysical Formulae. Space, Time, Matter and Cosmology"] Kenneth R. Lang 2014, Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</ref> A few weeks earlier, observers from the [[National Radio Astronomy Observatory]] reported about two pulsating sources near the Crab Nebula, with no evident periodicities.<ref name="Howard1968">[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968IAUC.2110....2H/abstract "Pulsating radio sources near Crab Nebula"] Howard, W. E., Staelin, D. H., Reifenstein, E. C. 1968, IAU Circ., No. 2110, #2 (1968)</ref><ref name="Staelin1968">[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968Sci...162.1481S/abstract "Pulsating Radio Sources near the Crab Nebula"] Staelin, David H. and Reifenstein, Edward C., III, December 1968, Science, Volume 162, Issue 3861, pp. 1481-1483</ref>. On November 9 of 1968, Lovelace finished his computing program, and on the night from 9 to 10 of November he discovered that one of pulsars have a period of approximately 33 ms, which was the shortest period pulsar at that time.<ref name="Bondi1968"/>. Lovelace and collaborators found that one of pulsars (the NP 0532 - the Crab Pulsar) is located in the center of the Crab Nebula (with precision of 10') and it's period is 33.09 ms.<ref name = "Comella1969"/><new ref=”Lang2913”>[Astrophysical Formulae
+
<ref name = "Comella1969">[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Natur.221..453C/abstract "Crab nebula pulsar NP 0532"] 1969, J. M. Comella, H. D. Craft, R. V. E. Lovelace, J. M. Sutton, G. L. Tyler, ''Nature'' 221 (5179), 453-454.</ref><ref name=”Lang2013”>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nq_1CAAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA1&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false "Astrophysical Formulae. Space, Time, Matter and Cosmology"] Kenneth R. Lang 2014, Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</ref> A few weeks earlier, observers from the [[National Radio Astronomy Observatory]] reported about two pulsating sources near the Crab Nebula, with no evident periodicities.<ref name="Howard1968">[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968IAUC.2110....2H/abstract "Pulsating radio sources near Crab Nebula"] Howard, W. E., Staelin, D. H., Reifenstein, E. C. 1968, IAU Circ., No. 2110, #2 (1968)</ref><ref name="Staelin1968">[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968Sci...162.1481S/abstract "Pulsating Radio Sources near the Crab Nebula"] Staelin, David H. and Reifenstein, Edward C., III, December 1968, Science, Volume 162, Issue 3861, pp. 1481-1483</ref>. Lovelace and collaborators found that one of pulsars (the NP 0532 - the Crab Pulsar) is located in the center of the Crab Nebula (with precision of 10') and it's period is 33.09 ms.<ref name = "Comella1969"/><new ref=”Lang2913”>[Astrophysical Formulae
 
Space, Time, Matter and Cosmology] Kenneth R. Lang 2014, Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</ref>
 
Space, Time, Matter and Cosmology] Kenneth R. Lang 2014, Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</ref>
 
 
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  +
On November 9 of 1968, Lovelace finished his computing program, and on the night from 9 to 10 of November he discovered that one of pulsars have a period of approximately 33 ms, which was the shortest period pulsar at that time.<ref name="Bondi1968"/>.
   
   

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In 1968 (10 November), Lovelace and his collaborators discovered period \(P\approx 33\) ms of the Crab Pulsar.[1][2] As a graduate student working at Arecibo Observatory, Lovelace developed a version of the Fast Fourier transform program [3] [4] which was adapted to run on the Arecibo Observatory's CDC 3200 computer [5]. This program helped to separate the periodic pulsar signal from the noise, and one night he discovered the period of the Crab pulsar, which is approximately 33 ms. [6][7] A few weeks earlier, observers from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory reported about two pulsating sources near the Crab Nebula, with no evident periodicities.[8][9]. Lovelace and collaborators found that one of pulsars (the NP 0532 - the Crab Pulsar) is located in the center of the Crab Nebula (with precision of 10') and it's period is 33.09 ms.[6]<new ref=”Lang2913”>[Astrophysical Formulae Space, Time, Matter and Cosmology] Kenneth R. Lang 2014, Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</ref>


On November 9 of 1968, Lovelace finished his computing program, and on the night from 9 to 10 of November he discovered that one of pulsars have a period of approximately 33 ms, which was the shortest period pulsar at that time.[10].


In 1968 (10 November), Lovelace discovered period \(P\approx 33\) ms of the Crab Pulsar.[6]Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tagThe special code named Gallop in Fortran was adapted to run on the Arecibo Observatory's CDC 3200 computer, which had a memory of 32,000 words of 24 bit length; the code was integer-based, using half-words of 12 bits, and was able to do the fast Fourier transform of N=16,384 signal samples; the 8192 signal power values were printed out on a folded raster scan; the signal to noise ratio increases as N increases; this was the largest value of N that could be handled by the Arecibo computer.[11]. This program helped to separate the periodic pulsar signal from the noise, and one night he discovered the period of the Crab pulsar, which is approximately 33 ms (33.09 ms).[6]<new ref=”Lang2913”>[Astrophysical Formulae Space, Time, Matter and Cosmology] Kenneth R. Lang 2014, Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</ref>


[6]

References

  1. “Pulsar NP 0532 Near Crab Nebula” R. V. E. Lovelace, J. M. Sutton, and H. D. Craft 1968, November, IAU Circ., No. 2113, #1 (1968)
  2. "Out of the Zenith. Jodrell Bank 1957-1970" Sir. Bernard Lovell, 1973, London: Oxford University Press, pp 1-255 (see page159).
  3. "Digital Search Methods for Pulsars" 1969, R. V. E. Lovelace, J. M. Sutton, E. E. Salpeter, Nature 222 (5190), 231-233.
  4. "Gauss and the history of the fast Fourier transform" Heideman, Michael T., Johnson, Don H., Burrus, Charles Sidney (1984). (PDF). IEEE ASSP Magazine. 1 (4): 14–21. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.309.181. doi:10.1109/MASSP.1984.1162257. S2CID 10032502.
  5. "On the Discovery of the Period of the Crab Nebula Pulsar" R.V.E. Lovelace & G. Leonard Tyler, 2012, The Observatory, V. 132, p. 186-188
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Crab nebula pulsar NP 0532" 1969, J. M. Comella, H. D. Craft, R. V. E. Lovelace, J. M. Sutton, G. L. Tyler, Nature 221 (5179), 453-454.
  7. "Astrophysical Formulae. Space, Time, Matter and Cosmology" Kenneth R. Lang 2014, Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  8. "Pulsating radio sources near Crab Nebula" Howard, W. E., Staelin, D. H., Reifenstein, E. C. 1968, IAU Circ., No. 2110, #2 (1968)
  9. "Pulsating Radio Sources near the Crab Nebula" Staelin, David H. and Reifenstein, Edward C., III, December 1968, Science, Volume 162, Issue 3861, pp. 1481-1483
  10. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bondi1968
  11. [On the Discovery of the Period of the Crab Nebula Pulsar https://astro.cornell.edu/sites/people/files/CrabPeriodDiscovery1.pdf ] R.V.E. Lovelace & G. Leonard Tyler, 2012, The Observatory, V. 132, p. 186