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\sx{1.5}{\ab Place of Science in the Human Knowledge}\\[6pt]

\sx{1.2}{\ab Dmitrii Kouznetsov}\footnote{\hspace*{-0.65 cm}{$^\mathrm{1}$
{\AI Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Communications,
1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofushi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan}\\
*$^*$\AI Corresponding author:  E-mail: dmitriikouznetsov@gmail.com}}\sx{1.4}{$
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~ (this version is compiled \today)
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DOI: 
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\sx{1.3}{\ab ABSTRACT}

The simple model for the classification of knowledge is suggested. The four types of knowledge are considered: customs, arts, religions and sciences. 
The strict definition of science is suggested to distinguish it from
other kinds of knowledge and from pseudo-science. 
The model indicates the methodology of the scientific research that is aimed to avoid conflicts between science and other kinds of knowledge.
This approach is suggested to exclude some concepts from the scientific knowledge by some formal criteria at very beginning of the consideration.

\sx{.97}{\AI Keywords: Fundamentals of physics, Methodology, Mizugadro, Physical mathematics, Religion, Science,}
\vskip -9pt
\rule{54pt}{0pt}{\AI TORI Axioms}

{\ab 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification:
00A30; %Philosophy of mathematics
00A35; %Methodology of mathematics 
00A99. %None of the above, but in this section
%35K55; 35J62; 35G55.
}
\vskip 8pt

\scalebox{1.3}{\ab 1. PREFACE}
\vskip 5pt

This research is motivated by huge amount of fake results published since beginning of century 21. Many of them pretend to be scientific. 
Especially grave the frauds are in Russia, due to the total corruption \cite{cor}.
An example of such a fraud is exposed in FIg.1; it shows the main idea of self-propulsion 
\cite{verner}
of the satellite "Yubileiny", 
%view of this satellite, 
the only available image \cite{segreti} of inertioid "Gravitsapa", installed there, and leaders of the Russian cosmic program. They pretend that the "gravitsapa" provides the support-less force and changes the orbit of the satellite (breaking the fundamental laws of Physics) \cite{kis,ane,sudakov}. %A century ago, the same idea had been used by Baron Munchausen.

\begin{figure}[h]
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\put(420,9){\includegraphics[height=90pt]{VarochkoFragment}}
\end{picture}
\vskip -6pt

\ab Fig.1. Idea of propulsion of satellite "Yubileiny" \cite{verner}; "Gravitsapa" \cite{segreti}; leaders of the Russian cosmic program:
D.Rogozin, V.Menshikov, V.Nesterov, A.Seliverstov, A.Varochko
\cite{rosko}.

\end{figure}

Bulletin \cite{bu} collects warnings about the danger tendencies in the development of the Russian science in century 21. Many cases of the abuse are indicated.

The abilities of pseudo-scientists to publish tricks greatly exceed the abilities of enthusiasts to analyze and to criticize them. Then, the budget used for the money laundering, leaving no support for the scientific research. We need formal criteria to identify peseudo-scientific results. Such criteria (TORI Axioms) are main topic of this article. 
%The criteria use the classification \cite{p,po} of the Human knowledge, mentioned in the title.

Since year 2010, the Russian version of this article 
\cite{r}
provides the definition of science, that allows to qualify some results as non-scientific by the formal criteria, at very beginning of the consideration. That definition follows from the simple exercise
\cite{d}, which, in its turn, is based on the ideas of refutability of scientific concepts; these ideas had been developed by Karl Popper 
\cite{p9,p10,p11} in century 20. 

Phenomena, similar to science (pseudo-science) take place not only in Russia. This motivated me to make the short English version, describing use of the TORI Axioms
\cite{jmp}; it appeared in 2013. Then, in year 2020, ms. Ruma Bag asked me to extend it for the book ``New Insights into Physical Science''. This extension I suggest here.

\vskip 9pt

\scalebox{1.3}{\ab 2. ABOUT TRUTH}
\vskip 4pt

Often, it is supposed, that the scientific result is true, correct, and the pseudo-scientific result is false, wrong, non-correct; so, for the qualification of any concept, it is sufficient to check it, to verify it, and, if it is wrong, to reject is. Such a common sense looks reasonable, but the abilities of pseudo- scientists to publish wrong, mistaken, fake papers and get foundation for pseudo-science greatly exceed abilities of scientists to criticize them, to reveal errors and to indicate, that some results are wrong.

In this paper, the different approach is suggested. The idea is not to criticize each wrong concept, but to suggest the narrow definition of term “Science" in such a way, that any concept can be qualified as “scientific" or “non-scientific", whenever this concept is correct or wrong. This cannot substitute the common sense, mentioned above, but gives some formal criteria, that allow to reduce the amount of results, that deserve serious consideration.

Many Russian colleagues at school had to accept the strange concepts:\\[2pt]
1. {\AI Our Universe is infinite both in space and in time.}\\[2pt]
2. {\AI For photosynthesis, the green leaves use the central part of the visible spectrum of solar light.}\\[2pt]
3. {\AI The gradual evolution of a species with genotype of 48 chromosomes (monkey) led to the new specie with genotype of 46 chromosomes (mankind).}\\[2pt]
4. {\AI The communism in the USSR will occur within 20 years} \cite{kom1,kom2}.

Such concepts were suggested at the Soviet schools as a “scientific truths”. However, they are neither true, nor even scientific. At least they do not fit the definition of science, suggested below in section 8.

The Soviet veterans still declare the postulates of Sovietism (that, are I think, just wrong) as a truth, as scientific facts. The attempts to understand, what happened in century 20, why the communism was not built-up, why the USSR collapsed, why corruption become the main phenomenon that characterizes the entire life of the officials, why Russia become a base of prime products, etc. - are declared as ‘pseudoscience’ and ‘false history’ 
\cite{falsimed,rod}.

The list of popular wrong concepts could be much longer. Many of then can be qualified as Sovetism. It appears as a kind of religion, although the Soviet teachers had declared them to be scientific facts.

The goal of this article is systematization, classification of the knowledge in such a way, that many pseudo-scientific concepts can be disqualified at once. The formalism had constructed for Physics (for needs of the Quantum Optics and Laser Science), but it applies also to other sciences.

In this work, the simple model of the classification of the human knowledge is
suggested. This model includes only four categories: 
{\ab customs}, 
{\ab arts}, 
{\ab religions} and 
{\ab sciences}. The definition of science had appeared first in the short version about non-traditional concepts \cite{d}. Here, knowledge is ability to generalize the experience in a compact form and to transfer it to other individuals. Religions
\cite{religion}  are important kind of knowledge, and they should be distinguished from sciences. So, this article deals with both sciences and religions.
Below I show, that absolute true is attribute of a religion, but not a property of a scientific concept,
even if the concept is widely accepted as a "scientific fact".\cite{fact}

Often, any scientific fact may be considered as a "true" – until some new, modern theory
provides more efficient or more general concept for the same phenomena.
Here are examples:\\
Before the heliocentric system of Universe, the geocentric system by Ptolemy is scientific fact.\\
Before the experiments with nuclear reactions, the concept of conservation of number of atoms of each kind (in a closed system) is scientific fact.\\
Before Quantum Mechanics, the ability of description of any system in terms of coordinates and velocities of its components is scientific fact. 

Many scientific facts, that remained during centuries, are refuted.
In such a way, criterion of "truth" cannot be main criterion for the scientific knowledge.
Other criteria are necessary.

\vskip 9pt

\scalebox{1.3}{\ab 3. OBJECTIVITY AND KARL POPPER}
\vskip 4pt

Objectivity is often considered as a  {\ab ``cornerstone of science''}
\cite{gordon}.\\
%Before century 20, objectivity had been considered as a main property of the scientific knowledge. 
{\ab ``I frame no hypothesis''}, Isaac Newton wrote \cite{n14}.\\
Teplov Botis Mikhailovich believes that the objective method is essence of science \cite{teplov}:
{\ab ``..Objective truth is that part of our knowledge which correctly reflects reality and does not depend upon the subject, i.e. on human consciousness and will. Objective method, therefore, means the method that leads to knowledge of objective truth. For materialism, ‘the recognition of objective truth is fundamental’; consequently all materialist science must be objective in method.''}

Actually, the words about "objectivity" of science do not help to distinguish the true scientific results from the fake ones. The criterion of "objectivity" is used as a pretext for the physical extermination of opponents. 
In century 20, especially grave the repressions are in the USSR: {\ab ``The revolution cannot be made in white gloves''} \cite{gloves}. This sentence justifies any crimes, if they serve the Great Idea.
During the USSR, of order of half of population of the country had been exterminated by the agents of KGB and other bolsheviks, claiming the struggle against the wrong concepts, for the "objectivity". In particular, the soviet fascists use this idea to murder the scientists. Idea of "objectivism" used to struggle against science and agaist scientists
\cite{sonin,many}. Researches who worked with theory of relativity, with quantum mechanics, with cybernetics were suppressed in the USSR. Genetics had been exterminated. The psychiatry had been converted to the instrument of political repressions, for jailing and murdering of any citizen who does not accept postulates of Sovietism.

The "objectivism", by itself, happens to be very subjective criterion:
the concepts, supported by the officials, by the usurper, are declared to be 
"objective"; any doubts are declared as subjective "pseudoscience".
In such a way, the idea of objectivity of science leads to destruction of science.

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{80pt}
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\put(2,-2){\scalebox{0.4}{\includegraphics{KarlPopper187px}}}
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%\caption{Idea of inertioid \cite{kis,anek}}
\scalebox{.96}{~K.Popper, 1980}
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\vskip -12pt
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In century 20, Karl Popper extracts, discovers and describes the new, extremely efficient and useful kind of human knowledge
\cite{p9,p10,p11}.
He called it "science", although the term "science" was used before in a little bit different meaning; that meaning included the claim of objectivity.
K.Popper declares, that the main property, that makes the research, the result, the concept "scientific"
in not its objectivity, but the principal possibility to criticize and to reject, refute ("falsify") the concept
%Roughly speaking, the science was supposed to be an objective true, that does not need any falsification or refutation. Popper, contrary, suggests the criterion of falsifiability as the key property of science, modifying the meaning of this term.
%For Popper, the thing that makes a concept scientific is not its objectivity, but the possibility to verify it, to falsify it, to criticize it arguably and to refute it 
\cite{p9}:

{\ab
1. It is easy to obtain confirmations, or verifications, for nearly every theory - if we look for confirmations.

2. Confirmations should count only if they are the result of risky predictions; that is to say, if, unenlightened by the theory in question, we should have expected an event which wasincompatible with the theory - an event which would have refuted the theory.

3. Every “good" scientific theory is a prohibition: it forbids certain things to happen. The more a theory forbids, the better it is.

4. A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific. Irrefutability is not a virtue of a theory (as people often think) but a vice.

5. Every genuine test of a theory is an attempt to falsify it, or to refute it. Testability is falsifiability; but there are degrees of testability: some theories are more testable, more exposed to refutation, than others; they take, as it were, greater risks.

6. Confirming evidence should not count except when it is the result of a genuine test of the theory;and this means that it can be presented as a serious but unsuccessful attempt to falsify the theory. (I now speak in such cases of “corroborating evidence".)

7. Some genuinely testable theories, when found to be false, are still upheld by their admirers - for example by introducing ad hoc some auxiliary assumption, or by reinterpreting the theory ad hoc in such a way that it escapes refutation. Such a procedure is always possible, but it rescues the theory from refutation only at the price of destroying, or at least lowering, its scientific status. 
}

%However, there where were still some doubts about the humanitarian science, but the objectivity of the natural sciences was believed to be well established and irrefutable. Popper denies even this belief.
Ideas by Popper are not widely accepted by colleagues. the believe in some "objectivity" remains
\cite{popperC}. The researchers suggest some non-refutable concepts in
hope, that they do namely science, but not a religion.
(``Why should I care about refutation of my results? I know, that they are true. 
They are irrefutable! If some reviewers have any doubts, let them search for a ways to refute them!'') 
Such a hope, such a believe is used for fakes, destroying the science.
It becomes impossible to understand, does the researcher believe in his own idea, or his case is an intentional fraud. 
One example of such a fraud is mentioned in the Preface. There are many such cases
\cite{krugliakov,ginzburg}.

Qualification of a research as "science" or "religion" depends on definition of science and on definition of religion. This indicates the need to elaborate the appropriate definitions, they are provided below in the special sections. The human knowledge is classified a way, that does not allow science to deal with non-refutable concepts.

This question is not only terminological. 
Many authors pretend, that their results are true; so true, they do not need to allow any refutation (sometimes, the term falsification is used in the similar meaning). 
This leads to the growth of various pseudosciences, which may be extremely efficient in getting foundation, but useless in any other application.

%The identification of pseudoscience versus science is not trivial. It is especially grave in Russia: in the USSR, in its time, even the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, cybernetics were suppressed as pseudosciences \cite{sonin}.
%The genetics and psychiatry were exterminated \cite{many}. %[23,24,25,26,27].
%The destructive activity is accompanied with demagogy about “objectivity" of science and struggle against any pseudoscience. This appears as realization of idea of extermination of opponents as a way to a personal success
%\cite{gloves}.

The problem of classification of knowledge remains: neither "true", not "objectivity"
serve as main criteria for scientific knowledge. However, the ideas by Karl Popper
indicate the way to classify the knowledge. Such a classification is suggested in the
following four sections; they describe customs, religions, arts and science.
%Even defenders of the objectivity mention the danger of pseudoscience 
%\cite{krugliakov} \cite{ginzburg}

\vskip 9pt

\scalebox{1.3}{\ab 4. CUSTOMS}
\vskip 4pt

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{picture}(600,340)
\put(-6,-8){\includegraphics[height=324pt]{drunk051}}
\put(216,-2){\includegraphics[height=208pt]{DveBedy}}
\put(212,180){\includegraphics[height=120pt]{Khrunichev00ztteda}}
\put(317,186){\includegraphics[height=116pt]{5623483}}
\end{picture}
\vskip 18pt 

\ab
%\hskip 10pt
Fig. 2. Customs \cite{drunk}: drinking from the neck of bottle; use of magic for missiles, dams, roads.
\vskip 8pt 
\end{figure}

Category of customs includes not only the commonly accepted behavior of humans. Also, it includes the habitual semantics of commonly used human languages. 

Even the custom habit to drink vodka from the bottle, shown in Fig.2, should be considered as knowledge and even skill; specially, if all the alcohol goes to the throat and no one drop is missed.
In the similar way, the money laundering with pretext of pray for reparation of roads, rockets or dams should be considered as customs. 

The genre of the last 3 pictures in figure 2 can be interpreted also as a religion (considered below) – under conditions, that the popes, performing the magic, believe, that their actions help to repair the faulty rocket, or stop the flood, or, at least, reduce amount of puddles and clay on the road. 

The meanings of words, even in a religion, is customs. At least part of semantics appears as a custom.\\
Habits to use science, technology or magic is custom.

The usual meaning of the Bible is a custom, widely accepted in the Christian community. 
\\
The sentence {\ab ``You shall love your neighbor as yourself''}
allows various interpretations \cite{eastman,robinson}, dependently on the meanings of the word ``love'' and its Hebrew and Aramaic equivalents. Some interpretations are not popular, they are not customs. The interpretations of the New Testament by Tim Rice
\cite{ben} and that Michael Bulgakov
\cite{bulgakov}, due to the wide spreading, can be qualified not only as an art, but also as a custom, at least in certain literature or musical communities. Such an interpretation should be qualified a knowledge. In such a way, the meaning of words appear as a knowledge. 

The folklore also falls in the category of custom. It is any knowledge that is difficult to investigate by the any systematic methods. Any legend, story, narration leaves from category folklore, from category custom and becomes art or even science (history), as soon as it is written, published, exposed and considered in a scientific way as a historic evidence.

The semantics of the human languages and their understanding, the meaning of words is important part of a language. It forms the most important part of the human knowledge. Namely this kind of knowledge gives sense to other kinds of knowledge, considered below. 
\vskip 9pt

\scalebox{1.3}{\ab 5. ARTS}
\vskip 4pt


\begin{figure}[t]
%\begin{picture}(400,222)
%\put(-6,-8){
\includegraphics[height=111pt]{02178SnowGirlShokaFragment}
\includegraphics[height=111pt]{Tsuru01s}
\includegraphics[height=111pt]{KouznetsovPaintFlowers018}
\includegraphics[height=111pt]{KouznetsovPaintSky019}
\includegraphics[height=111pt]{MalevicCross}
\ab

\hskip 80pt Fig. 3. Five works by various artists \cite{fig3} 
\end{figure}

Art is easier to analyze, than a custom. 
Five examples of objects I consider as art are shown in Fig. 3. In order to be more specific, I suggest the definition below:

{\ab
Art is any kind of knowledge that is free from internal rules and is realized in a reproducible form that allow its systematic investigation. 
}

Such a definition corresponds to a goal formulated in the introduction, although it slightly reduces the set of things which could be called art. Usually, a product of art has the following properties:

{\ab A1. Beauty:} Here, the beauty is the extensive ability of any unexpected use. The prehistoric hunter, painting and observing an image of an animal on a rock, may guess how to catch this animal; the reader, laughing on a comedy, may ask himself: Either I am free from all the evils shown? - although the primary goal could be just laugh.

{\ab A2. Absence of structure:} Intents to bring rules into the arts are not efficient. The arts use all other knowledges; the same product may have both artistic and scientific value.

{\ab A3. Wisdom:} A painter, a writer, any artists with their works say more, than they planned to say, and more, than they understand by themselves. In this sense, the product of art may be wiser than theauthor.

{\ab A4. Entirety:} Intents to correct, to improve a product of art destroy it.

{\ab A5. Amoralism:} Creatures, that have goal to bring some moral to the society, have low artistic value, if at all; the creature may violate any taboo of the society, including the religious ones. 

There are few examples of a product of art, that had been created (as I believe)
with goal to bring some moral to readers, and achieve this goal.
Perhaps, of such a kind, there are\\
``King Matt the First'' by Janusz Korczak \\
``Le Petit Prince'' by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.

In the most of cases, the stronger the artist tries to bring some moral to consumers of his art, 
the farer from art is the product. 
The Soviet artists were highly sponsored for bringing so-called "communistic moral" to the society.
In the result, the population of big country had been converted to criminals, alcoholics, drug-dependent looses with small mafia of administration at the top.

There are special sciences about the art.
Some references are collected in the special article\\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/Art}

The art may affect humans through various senses. 
The object, performance or any other information can be qualified as ``art''
dependently on its affect on emotions of a human.
There is no formal (``objective'') criterion, what is art and what is not art.
%The caricature image of a teacher, drawn on a blackboard by a Pupil,  generally, is not art – until the Teacher gets furious, makes picture of this drawing with photo-camera and print this picture in order to show it the parents of the pupil as a proof of his horrible attitude to  the personal of the school. 
%Arts can be intepreted in various ways.
Aiming the specific application of the classification, the topics of customs and arts are presented here only declaratively. 
\vskip 8pt

\scalebox{1.3}{\ab 6. RELIGIONS}
\vskip 5pt

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[height=164pt]{tiho}
\includegraphics[height=164pt]{nire}
\includegraphics[height=164pt]{ReligionMasian.jpg}

\hskip 98pt
\ab Fig.4. 
Religion may have various forms \cite{fig4}
\end{figure}

Religion is kind of the human knowledge based on some (specific for each religion) set of irrefutable concepts, believes, texts, symbols and performances.

Usually, any religion is characterized in the most of following:

{\ab R1. The existence of at least one God is presumed.}

{\ab R2. There exist canonical sacred text, that allow the humans to guess the will of God(s) and follow it.}

{\ab R3. God like some actions of human, these actions are called Good.}

{\ab R4. God dislike some actions of human, these actions are called Evil.}

{\ab R5. The suggested set of concepts pretends to play an organizing role in the society: following to namely this religion is presumed to provide abilities for the kindness, prudence and wisdom significantly wider, than any other religion.}

It this article, God is generic term denoting any intelligent subject that in some way (that is not available for humans) has abilities that greatly exceed those of a human. Actions related to these abilities are called miracles, marvels.

God may look like a human (Jesus Christ, Buddha, Lenin), but also can be “non-material" (God - HolySpirit, World Revolution, Marxism). God may be omnipotent (almighty), invincible, immortal and predicts future: 

{\ab The Marxist doctrine is omnipotent because it is true.} \cite{omnipo}

{\ab Long live invincible marxism-leninism-mao tsetung tonight.} \cite{hua}

{\ab Lenin lived, Lenin lives, and Lenin will live!} \cite{maya}

{\ab The generation of those who are now fifteen will see a communist society, and will itself build this society.} \cite{kom1}

{\ab The immortal beacon of Comrade Stalin will forever illuminate the path on which the Chinese people march forward.} \cite{maos}

{\ab Then he said to Abram, Know for a surety, that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, four hundred years, and shall serve them: and they entreat them evil.} \cite{gene}

Some religions do not identify themselves as religions, pretending to be sciences
\cite{zeldin,riegel}.\\
The adepts consider their own belief as the only true concept, deny the dogmatic character of their believes
\cite{lcv}
and treat any deviant behavior as crime, heresy and mental illness; the wrong-believers are punished or undergo the forced medical treatment \cite{many}.

Some religions justify lies (misinformation), sacrifices, betrays, massacre, murdering and wars, if they serve the needs of God: {\ab You cannot make revolution in white gloves} \cite{gloves,osipov}.

Most of religions avoid any refutable concepts. The concept is called refutable, if (and only if) in terms of this concept, some specific observation can be described, that negates the concept. For example, the statement {\ab The Current Generation of Soviet People Will Live Under Communism} \cite{kom2}
is refutable: based of such a declaration, the next generations (say, since year 1980) may shame, judge, punish, execute the Soviet veterans as liars and impostors (in addition to the punishment for the war crimes, committed since the beginning of the USSR). Sovietism approves and defends any crimes of the Soviet fuhrers with concept {\ab You cannot make revolution in white gloves}. Such a concept justifies any kind of genocide, even if 90\% of population of a country are killed with such a slogan
\cite{osipov}.
% [62]. 

Within few generations after creation of a new religion, it abandons and forgets all its refutable concepts and becomes more stable. Here are the examples of irrefutable concepts: 

{\ab God bless America.} \cite{gobla}

{\ab Imperialism is evil.} \cite{impe}

{\ab God gives the immortal soul to everyone.} \cite{soul}

{\ab The righteous will be at Heaven.} \cite{heaven}

{\ab Socialism and communism are the future of Humanity.} \cite{soc}

However, the last statement (about communism) becomes refutable (and wrong) as soon as the year (1980) of realization of such a project is specified \cite{kom2}.

The canonical texts of religion describes the marvels, miracles, magic, that are specific for each religion. The miracle may refer to the magic conversion of water into vine, to the drastic increase of the efficiency of the production by the inspiration of the Führer, catching of the spies by children, destruction of an army of the enemy tanks by several heroic soldiers launching grenades, etc..

The honest and efficient pray also can be considered as a magic – if it leads to the desirable result. Over-vice, for example, if, after the expensive religious ritual (that become a custom), the cosmic rocket fails, the pray should be qualified as fraud and money laundering, that have nothing to do with religion.

Not all religions pretend to be "the only truth". So-called civil religions recognize themselves as only parts of the human knowledge \cite{civil}.
Such a recognition makes the civil religions efficient in stabilization of a society on the efficient development, favoring development of prudence, technology and science.

Religions form significant part of the human knowledge and play important role in the human history.
While a religion is tolerant with respect to other kinds of knowledge (and in particular, to other religions), it may assist the prosper development of the society. No one religion can substitute other kinds of knowledge, end even other religions, as one specific science cannot substitute all other sciences.
Any society, where one religion dominates in an aggressive way, becomes barbarian compared to other countries within few generations; the people of such a society lose the ability to analyze the information. 

There are no examples of stable atheistic societies. Even if the goal of creation of an atheistic country is declared – soon, within few years, the new, and very barbarian religion appears, pretending to be 
science, but also claiming to be ``the only true knowledge''. So it happens in the USSR, in China and some other ``socialistic'', ``communistic'' tyrannies in century 20. 
In order to analyze this clam, term ``science'' should be defined. This is matter of the next section.
 \vskip 8pt

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{picture}(224,200)
\put(-6,100){\includegraphics[width=228pt]{Image-Ridged_Mirror_figureB}}
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[height=96pt]{320px-DimaY2O3ethanol}}
\put(130,0){\includegraphics[height=97pt]{Av-49230}}
\end{picture}
\includegraphics[height=152pt]{Doya500}
\includegraphics[height=154pt]{649px-Tetreal10bx10d}

\hskip 88pt
{\ab Fig. 5. How to draw science? \cite{fig5}}
\end{figure}

\scalebox{1.3}{\ab 7. SCIENCES}
\vskip 5pt

As it is mentioned in the second section, the term “science" may have different meanings. Following K. Popper, in this article, this term applies only to a refutable knowledge. In order to distinguish science at the background of pseudoscience and religion, the term science should be defined as follows:

Science is kind of knowledge, activity and notations, based on concepts that have all the six properties below:

{\ab S1. Applicability:} Each concept has the limited range of validity, distinguishable from the empty set.

{\ab S2. Verifiability: }In the terms of the already accepted concepts, some specific experiment with some specific result, that confirms the concept, can be described.

{\ab S3. Refutability:} In the terms of the concept, some specific experiment with some specific result, that negates the concept, can be described.

{\ab S4. Selfconsistency:} No internal contradictions of the concept are known.

{\ab S5. Principle of correspondence:} It the range of validity of a new concept intersects the range of validity of another already accepted concept, then, the new concept either reproduces the results of the old concept, or indicates the way to refute it. (For example, the estimate of the range of validity of the old concept may be wrong.)

{\ab S6. Pluralism:} Mutually-conflicting concepts may coexist. The coexistence of mutually-conflicting concepts, satisfying requirements S1-S5 above is allowed. If two concepts satisfying S1-S5 havesome common range of validity, then, in this range, the simplest of them has priority and should beconsidered as main, principal.

In the definition of science, all the six properties are compulsory. For example, if the range of validity of a concept is the full set (id est, the concept is valid every time and everywhere), then, by definition, it is not scientific, as it does not satisfy the criterion S1, and there is no need to checkproperties S2-S6 to qualify such a concept as non-scientific.

Scientific concepts are built on the base of observations, experiments, definitions, axioms, hypothesis, theorems and theories.\\
Observation means identification of some phenomena which are in some sense similar.\\
Definitions allow to use compact notations, making the description of scientific concept shorter and simpler.\\
Axioms are statements that are considered as initial at the building-up of some concept. Set of few concepts with commonly accepted axioms is called “paradigm".

Theorems are statements that are proven on the base of axioms and definitions. Sometimes, this term is used even in those cases then the proof of the statement is not yet constructed, but is expected to be constructed in future. In such a case, term “hypothesis" or “Conjecture" is more suitable.

If the hypothesis is deduced from the postulates and other, already proven theorems, it becomes theorem. If a hypothesis had predicted some non-trivial results of observations or experiments, it becomes theory.

Activity, related with development of new concepts is called research. The most important classification of sciences is based on the subject of the research, the goal and the methods, that dominate in the research: humanitarian - natural, fundamental - applied and theoretic - experimental.

In principle, such a structure could be applied to all the sciences. Not all sciences are developed sufficiently to allow the use of the full scheme above. The search for “mathematics in history” return links about history of mathematics: the historians describe history of mathematics rather than use mathematics in description of historical events. \\
The known exception is the prediction of collapse of the USSR in century 20 by Andrei Amalrik 
“calculated” the collapse of the USSR during the twentieth century \cite{amalrik}.\\
Since century 21, the calculus, the mathematics enter to all sciences; not only to history, but even to psychiarty \cite{huys} .

\vskip 9pt

\scalebox{1.3}{\ab 8. HIERARCHY OF SCIENCES}
\vskip 4pt
Mathematics makes the basis of other sciences. No one science dare to contradict mathematics. The computational mathematics and cybernetics provides a bridge between mathematics and other knowledge. The general physics and theoretical physics relate mathematics with other sciences, although some sciences (even humanitarian ones) may use, for example, the statistical methods without to refer to physics. All the sciences use logics, (Boolean algebra); usually it is so obvious, that it is not even declared.

Physics is considered so fundamental as mathematics. There are several examples, when the laws of physics are broken in sci-fi literature. 

There is only one example detected, where the laws of mathematics are broken in fantastic novel "Mizugadro number dream" \cite{mizugadron}.
That sci-fi had been written in order to get at least one example of braking of laws of mathematics in fantastic literature.
Concept about internal contradiction of axioms of Arithmetic is not scientific:
in is irrefutable; no way to reject it is supplied.

However, the inconsistency of Aritmentic could be very useful at the summation of momenta
of details of ``Gravitsapa'' (see fig.1) in order to violate the law of conservation of energy-momentum,
using it as pretext to milk the budget. \\
Even more direct fraud can be used, just violating the axioms of arithmetics:
The official gets credit, say, a bullion rubles, while $\mathrm {billion}=10^{12}$,
and return the debt after devalvation \cite{billion} of billion for 3 order of magnitude,
while $\mathrm {billion}=10^{9}$. At high level of corruption among the state officials, similar operations
can be performed with other ambiguous numbers (trillion, sextillion, etc).
Publications indicate, that in century 21, such (or similar) operations are, indeed, performed
\cite{mizugadro2018}; many billions rubles are stolen from the Russian budget in 2018, 2019
and, apparently, used for the support of the world-wide terrorism \cite{designate}.
While the corrupted \cite{cor} officials can violate rules of arithmetics in summation of momenta of details of an inertioid, there are no mechanism that could prevent use of the same trick counting money in the state budget. The state, that can declare, that "2+2=5", can violate all other rules and laws, suppressing the citizen. \cite{orwell}

Usually, all sciences respect physics and mathematics. However, the organizers of a financial pyramid may claim, that all the participants get their benefits (that contradict the law of arithmetics). In the similar way, the frauders may claim, that the sum of momenta of particles moving inside an inertioid, depend on order of the summation, that leads to violation of law of conservation of momentum, as it is shown in Fig.1. However, in both such cases, the claim should be qualified as a fiction or as a fraud.

If, in some science, some concept contradicts the basic paradigms of mathematics or physics, then, according to S5, there should be indicated a way to see, that the commonly accepted paradigms are wrong. To avoid the confusions, the term science should be used only in the sense of the definition above. In all other cases, terms pseudoscience, sovietscience, christianscience, quasiscience may be used to specify, that some activity or knowledge looks similar to science or similar to a scientific research. 

\vskip 9pt

\scalebox{1.3}{\ab 9. SCIENCE AND SOCIETY}
\vskip 4pt

Usually the sciences, and especially the fundamental ones do not give a fast benefit. The spending of the budget funding to support the satisfaction of the personal curiosity of researchers requires some justification. There were intents to submit the development of science to other goals (creation of facilities of the modernization of the industry, or increasing of the military power of a country, etc.). Some researches, especially applied ones, can be motivated in such a way; and sometimes the results have the scientific value. However, often the results of such a research are just fake. During the human history, there was not developed more efficient motivation for science, than curiosity of researchers who do it. Yet, there is no other way to make the deep science. However, the needs of industry can be mentioned as motivation for the financial support of the curiosity of researchers.

The distribution of funds assigned for the development of science is serious problem. Administrators of funds cannot drill deeply into the research they finance. The funds are distributed on the base of the formal criteria: publications, citation, participation in the conferences. The ability to write the grant applications and good relations with colleagues and the distributors of funds become important, if not dominant, factor in the success in the getting of the financial support. For the same reason, the spectacular nature of the new effects is important for its promotion.

Especially non-efficiently the funds are sent in the countries with corrupted bureaucracy; and not only because the significant part of foundation is spent for bribes and the private security. The government being unable to keep the growth of the technology of the country at the international level begins to secret the scientific achievements in order to enable the monopolistic use in the military industry. Often, the results are fake: the secrecy protects them from critics and opens wide field for both wanted and unwanted errors.

In a totalitarian country, some sciences are not only left without foundation, but are affected by the physical repression of researchers, as it happened in the USSR with the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, cybernetics, genetics and other sciences \cite{many}.
Previously, in Europe, in the epoch of the Holy Inquisition, the similar phenomena took place with respect to astronomy and astronomers.

Perhaps, in some cases, the executors, destructing the science, indeed do not understand, that they act against the human civilization and against interests of their country; they do not consider themselves as bloody murderers, not as enemies of the people of their country. In such a case, the qualification, classification of the the human knowledge may help. The properties 1-6 allow to separate scientific concepts from others without fighting the pseudoscience.

Qualification, classicication of the human knowledge is important for the development of science.
The correct, efficient terminology is required for this classification. Questions of the termionology are considered in the next section.

\vskip 9pt

\scalebox{1.3}{\ab 10. TERMINOLOGY}
\vskip 4pt

Often the errors are caused by a smooth, fussy definitions of terms and the concepts.
The most crying examples refer to the humanitarian science.
In 2009, Dmitry Medvedev had announced the setting up of a commission to counter the falsification of history \cite{falsimed,rod}.
This makes the Russian concept of history non-refutable (not falisifiable) and disqualifies it as a science. 

There is still hope, that this is just terminological confusion, and that commission does not have aim to destroy the historic science. The aim of this paper is not to provoke conflicts, but to mitigate them. 

I suggest not to use words “falsification", “falsifiability", at least in the scientific texts. Such terms are ambiguous, they may mean either the negation of a concept for the contradiction to observations or the misinformation.
With respect to historical texts (whenever they scientific or not), the terms revisionism, opportunism and reformism appear in the similar (ambiguous) meaning 

Any term, that has two opposite or different senses, should not be used without specification,
namely which of them do the authors mean. Usually, the authors omit such a specification.

In this paper, the term “refutability" is used. However, if refutation of the Russian official version of history will be also prohibited, then will be no way to attribute the confusion to terminology, and that concept should be qualified as non-scientific. This would not be a big loss, because the Soviet concept of history (Sovetism) anyway is just wrong; it is full of internal contradictions and disagree with visual observation of that happened to the USSR in century 20. 

Anyway, the goal of this research not to convince someone stop destroying science,
prohibiting critics of the ``official'' scientific (and not so scientific) concepts.
The goal is the analysis of the historical events and elaboration of the adequate (non-ambiguous) terminology for this description. This is just scientific interest, to denote a fraud with term ``fraud''.
Things should be named with their names.

\vskip 9pt

\scalebox{1.3}{\ab 11. IMPORTANCE FOR PHYSICS}
\vskip 4pt

The author would not like to teach colleagues, what to write and how to write, but just indicate, what properties make the research scientific. This section explains, why I boil up so old question, and why it is important for physics.

The author used to meet several “strange" concepts, that pretended to be scientific.\\
I mention few examples below:

Estimate of the statistical significance of a “second” peak at the correlation function, using the Poissonian model of random (independent) distribution, that can be rejected due to the significant "first" peak
\cite{kopylov}.

Quantum annihilation of the optical soliton \cite{soliton}.

Extrapolation of the quasi-optical approximation in the atmospheric physics \cite{atmo}.

Quantization of the magnetic flux in a free space \cite{lupe}.

Violation of the Kramers-Kronig relation for the active laser materials \cite{kra}.

``Non-equivalence'' of the van der Vaals potential to the index of refraction in paraxial atom optics \cite{pra}.

``Proportional increase'' of the power of a disk laser with increase of the size of the active element \cite{sca}.

The square root of factorial as having "no sense" \cite{fac}

The inertioids (that violate the law of conservation of momentum, Fig.1) \cite{sup}

The author had participated in discussions, originated in different branches of physics. The common feature of these cases is, that the colleagues do not specify the range of validity of their concepts, do not indicate a way to refute their concepts, do not show the relations with previous results, and discuss applications of some effect without to indicate the contradictions with the scientific facts, with already commonly-accepted concepts.

In principle, there is nothing wrong in the contradiction of some experiments to some widely accepted theory. Contrary, such a revolutionary discovery is very interesting and important; it may indicate the need to revise, improve the most important concepts. However, such a contradiction is a main result of the research. Such a contradiction should be mentioned in the title, in the abstract, in the conclusion as the main achievement of the author.

if the authors found violation of rules of arithmetic, the title of the scientific article article should cry: The internal contradiction in axioms of arithmetic. But the title of a scientific publication about such a revolutionary discovery should not mention the application for recovery of agriculture (destroyed by genocide, extermination of farmers), nor making the 5-year plan of production of metal in 4 years. 

Idea of use an effect, that contradicts basic laws of physics, appears as subject of humor in the sci-fi novel ``Tale of the Troika'' \cite{troika}
(Сказка о Тройке 1968) by Russian writers Boris and Arkady Strugatsky. 
The "Troika on the Rationalization and Utilization of Unexplained Phenomena" is described. However, the same idea is applied for the money laundering at the space research centers and other secret organizations even in century 21. 

\vskip 9pt

\scalebox{1.3}{\ab 12. MORE EXAMPLES}
\vskip 4pt

For illustration of the basic idea expressed above, in addition to cases mentioned in the previous section, I consider two more examples. The examples of the concepts that, from my point of view, are not scientific (although are declared to be scientific). One of them deals with the effective cross-sections of emission in the laser material (Fig. 6); another one refers to so-called “global warming" (Fig. 7). 

An example of a non-scientific concept is shown in left hand side picture of Fig.6. It is figure from Appl.Phys.Lett. \cite{fake1}, year 2006.
it shows dependence of the effective cross-section of absorption and emission of light in the Yb doped Gd$_2$SiO$_5$ crystal on the wavelength. 
The curves for absorption and emission, shown in the left picture, contradict the McCumber relation.
Such a contradiction leads to violation of the Second Law of thermodynamics.
With such a crystal, one would be able to arrange not only a good laser, but the Perpetual Motion machine of second kind. \\
In order to avoid redistribution of fake curves,
the left hand side picture of Fig. 6 is marked with words 
{\color{red}MATERIAL FOR PERPETUAL MOTION}.

% The same year, similar results are published also in the
%``Optics Express'' and ``Solid State Comm.''\cite{fake2,fake3}. The picture advertises the wondeful laser material: at the spectra of the effective cross-sections, the maximim of absorption corresponds to the minimum of emission. Such a material would be good not only for the 

\begin{figure}[hb]
\begin{picture}(300,160)
%\put(0,0){\includegraphics{Perpetualmo.jpg}}
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[height=158pt]{Perpetualmo}}
\put(220,0){\includegraphics[height=138pt]{MacCumberViFig1}}
\put(260,154){\A Recovery of 
$\sigma_{\mathrm{emission}}$ from 
$\sigma_{\mathrm{absorption}}$ by \cite{corre} }
\end{picture}

\ab Fig. 6.  Fake result \cite{fake1,fake2,fake3}; correction of $\sigma_{\mathrm{emission}}$ by the McCumber relation \cite{corre} (thin line) 
\end{figure}

Perhaps, both curves for the cross-sections in left plot of Fig.6 are wrong. The hypothesis, that the only emission is wrong, is considered; then, emission can be recovered from the absorption. An example of such a recovery, correction \cite{corre} is shown in the right hand side picture of Fig.6 with black curve. This curve is not extended to the right hand side of the plot: there, values of absorption are small, and the error of the recovery is huge.
\vskip 8pt

The Second Law of thermodynamics is scientific fact: no experiment, that break it, is known. It would be methodically correct, to claim the tremendous discovery, revision of the fundamental physical concepts. Instead, the authors claim the efficient laser material. Such a claim contradicts the 5th of the TORI Axioms (Principle of correspondence) and makes the concept non-scientific, according to the definition suggested. (However, it may still be considered as “scientific" in other system of notations, that make no difference between science and religion).

The wrong effective cross-section mentioned cannot be interpreted as occasional mistake of a single researcher. A dozen of authors have published similar curves in various scientific journals: Applied Physics Letters \cite{fake1}, Optics Express \cite{fake2} and Solid State Communications \cite{fake3}.
In such a way, the error should be qualified as methodological (not an occasional mistake): 
the results are not revised from point of view of self-consistency (Axiom S4), nor for the principle of correspondence (Axiom S5).

From my point of view, the contradiction of results to the McCumber relation (and therefore to the Second Law of thermodynamics) should be revealed and declared by the authors before it is found by the reviewers and other colleagues. But the common tradition to consider own results as a truth,
that does not need any refutation, leaded to repetition of the same error.

On the first glance, the left hand side of Fig.6, if we remove words "{\color{red} MATERIAL FOR PERPETUAL MOTION}", looks more scientific, than first picture of Fig.1 (that shows the idea of propulsion of the Russian satellite Yubileiny with device Gravitsapa on board). 
%and other intertioids, developed at the Russian Cosmic cente)r. 
However, if we look at the meaning of quantities plotted as ordinates, we see, that the difference is not so big: in both cases, the fundamental laws of physics are broken.

The similarity goes further. In both cases, the inventors, instead of to claim, that the basic physical concepts should be revised, just declare, that their invention can be useful. Such a statement looks similar to the claims of organizers of a financial pyramid: they promise dividends to all the participants, and do not care about law of conservation of money; apparently, the laws of arithmetic in their calculus are broken. 

\vskip 9pt

Another example refers to the Global warming. Since year 2019, this concept is associated with name of Greta Thunberg \cite{greta} shown in first picture of Fig. 7. 

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[height=132pt]{greta00}
\includegraphics[height=132pt]{800px-01831bikeSnow}
\includegraphics[height=133pt]{20170722peterSnow241}

\ab
Fig. 7. Greta Thunberg, 2019 \cite{greta} ; Japan, Tamagawa 2013.01.14 \cite{bike} ; Peterburg 2017.07.22 \cite{peter}
\end{figure}

Several links about Global warming are collected at Citizendium \cite{cz} and Mizugadro {gw}. The common fault of the adepts of the global warming is, that no way to reject this concept is found in the bunch of literature on the topic. 

From the first glance, the absence of snow during summer at Europe (say, at the latitude of Peterburg) and absence of snow anytime of year at the Japan latitude (say, at the level of Tokyo) was supposed to confirm the concept; and the presence of precipitation of water in solid state (in the conditions mentioned) should negate the concept. This happened to be not a case: after the heavy snow at Tokyo area 2013.01.14 \cite{bike} and at Peterburg 2017.07.22 \cite{peter}, the adepts of the global warming still keep their claims. Since that, it is not possible to consider the global warming as a scientific concept: It is not clear, which observation would be sufficient to refute it.

In order to help the adepts of the global warming, an example of such an observation is described below.

Assume, during century 21, all the seas, even in the tropical zone, happen to be covered with layer of ice. Then, one should admit, that the concept “Global warming" is just wrong. Such an example may look a little bit exaggerated, but the mater is, that, since century 20, no other (more soft) example of observation, that could refute the concept, is found.

On the base of this result, the global warming is qualified as non-refutable concept. It does not satisfy axiom S3 (Refutability) and, by this reason, cannot be cannot be considered by scientific methods.

However, the behavior of adepts of the global warming can be subject of scientific research. Avoiding or verifiability and refutability (basic principles of the scientific knowledge) can be qualified as a custom, making analogy with other customs; for example, with that shown in first picture of Fig.2: There is some similarities in poses of two persons shown, but this similarity does not go farer.

%ColdTeaFragment.png Absolutely cold tea

Such a mimicry is not rare in the human history. Activity of so-called “Liberal Democratic Party of Russia" has nothing to do with liberalism, nor with democracy. Use of service of a prostitute has nothing to do with reproduction of the mankind. The visit of a fat oligarch to a high-ranking restaurant has nothing to do with the nutrition of his body. Even the clans of Red Rose (Lancaster’s) and White Rose (York’s) \cite{rose} have nothing to do with gardening. The readers will agree with me, if they try to answer the simple question:
How many physicians know physics?
Or try to estimate, in degrees of Celsius, temperature of an abslolutly cold tea \cite{female}:
Is it of order of 50 degrees? Or 37 degrees? Or 20 degrees? Or zero degrees? Or −273
degrees?

In the similar way, the near-scientific activity of researchers and politicians, who do not care about scientific meaning of their concepts, has nothing to do with making of science; it is just money laundering. The TORI axioms are suggested to reveal and qualify such a kind of activity.

It is difficult to write a separate erratum or article on each case; only few popular mistakes are mentioned in the publications cited. I suggest to adjust the criteria that the scientific results are supposed to satisfy. This does not mean to make the requirements harder, but to soften the struggle between the authors and reviewers, that sometimes takes the strange form: the authors try to hide the cases when the concept fails, while the reviewers are supposed to reveal these cases. Criterion S1 (Applicability) strongly suggests, that the researchers estimate, until where their concepts are valid. In the similar way, the criterion S3 (Refutability) invites the authors to indicate, which result of which experiment would indicate, that they are wrong. Such indications and estimates greatly simplify the refutation of concepts, making them scientific.

This approach will help to deal with strange phenomena like observation of the “torsion fields" or the “cold nuclear fusion"; either to reveal the error of the concept at very early stage or to turn the research into the scientific methods, making them different from a circus trick. The definition of science suggested should allow this without to struggle against pseudoscience; such a struggle is dangerous for the science, especially in the countries where the abilities to the critical analysis were persecuted. 

\vskip 5pt
\scalebox{1.3}{\ab 13. TECHNOLOGIES}

Science is used in technologies. Technologies are so important as sciences.
Technologies are older than sciences. First, Homo Habilis, and then - Homo Sapiens.

Science without technologies become meaningless. I illustrate this with two examples.

1. Jonatan Swift describes the society,
where science is highly developed, but separated from technologies 
\cite{laputa}. 
Such a society looks as a parody on the idea of domination of science.

2. There existed some science in the USSR. Due to the total corruption of the Soviet administration, the scientific achievements could not come to industry. So, the USSR became the ``Upper Volta with missiles" and had collapsed.

Technologies can be qualified as customs, but they are close to both sciences and arts. On the one hand, technology uses the scientific achievements (and in this sense is close to science). On the second hand, any good technological solution is product of art. The margin between science and technology is determined by the definition of Science. Technologies have no need to demonstrate the evidences nor correctness of their concepts; the proof of technology is the efficiency in business, or, better, the efficiency of a new device. (It is conceivable to have good business with a device, that does not fulfill its utility.) The intents to boost the technology with governmental support are not efficient; they boost the pseudo-science, money laundering and other kinds of corruption. I consider the governmental foundation of technologies as a fraud.

The classification of the human abilities and the analysis of the foundation of technologies is interesting and important topic. It falls out from the scope of this article and may be subject for the independent research. 
\vskip 8pt

\scalebox{1.3}{\ab 14. DISCUSSION }
\vskip 5pt

%In my article (Chapter), 
I suggest examples, that show, that namely the TORI Axioms S1-S6 are essential for the efficient building-up the scientific knowledge. I explain, how and why do I distinguish it from other kinds of knowledge.

In certain sense, this is question of terminology. One may insist on the old, “Newtonian" interpretation of science as a “true" knowledge \cite{n14}, that does not need any hypothesis nor refutations.\\
Then, the new term is necessary to denote the phenomenon, 
that is denoted with word “science" in this paper and in publications by Karl Popper \cite{p9,p10,p11}

I support, justify the need of the TORI Axioms with analysis of the observations, presented in the list of references below. This is not fully correct: this analysis is, by itself, based on the TORI Axioms. It is unavoidable: one cannot describe the Boolean algebra, using the motivated arguing (Female logic) \cite{female}, as one cannot describe the Female logic, using the Boolean algebra.
I explan why and how I come to the TORI axioms. But
I cannot prove the TORI axioms, using the motivated reasoning, mentioned above.
In the similar way, I cannot prove anything to the people, who insist on some “objective knowledge".

The TORI Axioms can be considered a religion: I cannot prove them.
(The logic axioms also can be considered as a religion; one cannot prove them.)
I consider this religion to be extremely efficient in building-up the scientific knowledge.
In the similar way, Muslims consider Islam as the most efficient way to Heaven.
In the similar way, the Soviet veterans consider Sovietism as the most efficient way to built-up the heaven ("communism") for themselves (even if they have to convert their country to concentration camp in order to achieve this goal).
The TORI Axioms can be treated as other religions - as Buddhism, Judaism, Cristianity, Marxism and Islam – if we look not at the amount of adepts, but on structure of the believes.

The readers may consider the TORI Axioms as hypothesis, and compare the efficiency of this hypothesis with other models. Other models can be more efficient in obtaining the huge grants for the scientific (and not so scientific) projects. Perhaps, for getting foundation, the motivated arguing \cite{female} is more efficient.
Here I do not discuss, is this good or bad; I only analyze the observed phenomena. 

One may consider also any alternatives, what should be called “science", and what should not. Provide your definition of term “science", and compare its efficiency to that I named.

If you use another definition, have you revealed, that the bzz by Valery Menshikov about “Yubileiny" and “Gravitsapa" are just fraud, money laundering, analogy of the Baron Munchausen’s claims (Fig.1)?

With your definition, have you revealed, that the material with effective emission and absorption cross-sections, shown in left hand side of Fig.6, violates not only the McCumber relation, but also the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Or anything else? Can you suggest an example, when your definition allows to reveal a mistake or a  fraud, and the TORI Axioms do not?

Or any example, when the TORI axioms disqualify some scientific result, that gives a good profit for the Humanity?

Or any similar comparison? 
 
\vskip 8pt

\scalebox{1.3}{\ab 15. CONCLUSIONS}
\vskip 5pt



The strict definition of science with criteria S1-S6 (TORI Axioms) is suggested. These criteria are based on the idea of falisibiability developed by Karl Popper. Terms falsification, falisifiability cause confusions; in particular, they disproves the Russian concept of history. This problem may come to other sciences, for example, into physics. To avoid confusions, Term refutability is better.

According to the definition above, the scientific results should include all the properties S1-S6.

Recognition of these six conditions as compulsory is necessary to save physics and other sciences from profanation.

I suggest, that all the civil organizations and the courts consider as fraud any governmental foundation of any research that does not satisfy the criteria S1-S6.

I suggest, that the editorials of the scientific books and journals and the chairs of the scientific seminars accept S1-S6 as the main requirements for the scientific results.

This applies to all kinds of scientific researches in all countries. 

\vskip 8pt

\scalebox{1.25}{\ab ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS }
\vskip 4pt

I am grateful to Margarita Kallistratova for the important discussion, to Shoko Okudaira for the help with collecting the literature, to Aleksandr Kaminski and Aleksandr Pugachev for the strong critics of the Russian version of this article and to Reviewer 1 for the important corrections and comments. 

\vskip 6pt

\scalebox{1.25}{\ab COMPETING INTERESTS }
\vskip 4pt

Author has declared that no competing interests exist with respect to the text above.

\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\setlength{\parskip}{-1pt}
\setlength{\baselineskip}{13.4pt}

\bibitem{cor} \url{http://kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/1566}
%\url{http://en.rian.ru/russia/20120426/173064569.html} Marc Bennetts. Medvedev Admits Failure in Fight against Corruption. 13:24. 26/04/2012.\\
%\url{http://kremlin.ru/transcripts/1566} D.Medvedev. Introduction at the session of the Council on resistance to corruption. 2008.09.30. (in Russian)
Д.Медведев. Вступительное слово на заседании Совета по противодействию коррупции. 30 сентября 2008 года, 16:25 Москва, Кремль. Д.Медведев: Коррупция в нашей стране приобрела не просто масштабный характер, она стала привычным, обыденным явлением, которое характеризует саму жизнь в нашем обществе... (In Russian)
Corruption in Russia not only got the large scale, but become the common, usual phenomenon that characterizes the entire life of the Russian officials.

\bibitem{verner}\url{https://www.anekdot.ru/id/596464/} 
Смагин Максим. Подвиг барона. 2012.08.22. (In Russian) Smagin Maxim. Baron's (Munhausen) feat.

\bibitem{segreti}\sx{.99}{\url{https://en.topwar.ru/18572-tayny-xxi-veka-roskosmos-provodil-opyty-s-gravicappoy-.html}}
\sx{.98}{\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/Roscosmos_conducted_experiments_with_Gravitsappoy}}
Secrets of the XXI century: Roscosmos conducted experiments with Gravitsappoy? 11 September 2012.

\bibitem{kis} \url{https://www.globalsecurity.org/space/library/news/2005/space-050329-rianovosti01.htm}\\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/2005.03.29.Kislyakov} (backup copy) \\
Andrei Kislyakov. Russia to help to develop nuclear-powered spacecraft. 2005.08.01. RUSSIA TO HELP DEVELOP NUCLEAR-POWERED SPACECRAFT// RIA Novosti// MOSCOW. (RIA Novosti political commentator Andrei KISLYAKOV)// Russia that has developed state-of-the-art rocket engines is ready to use them within the framework of the international space program. Consequently, Russia is quite eager to explore deep space with the rest of the world. // In Moscow’s opinion, such is the gist of international accords that were approved by 21 countries and 15 international organizations in the United States late this March. The concerned parties discussed interplanetary space-fiight plans that were suggested by national space agencies. A document would be expected to formalize the discussion’s results by August 2005.// Russia suggests that those involved in the Martian program use its nuclear rocket engines and propulsion units, Academician Nikolai Ponomarev-Stepnoi, vice-president of the Kurchatov Institute national research center, noted in early March. He made this statement at an international conference in Moscow that discussed nuclear-powered spacecraft.// We would develop such an engine and propulsion unit by 2017, if the relevant international decision was adopted today, Vladimir Smetannikov, chief designer of the Dollezhal R\&D institute, believes. Consequently, it would be possible to launch a manned space ship toward Mars by that time.// According to Ponomarev-Stepnoi, the world’s countries understand that long-range space ights are impossible without nuclear propulsion units. Incidentally, nuclear engines can be used to accelerate spacecraft, also serving as their power-supply systems.// It should be mentioned in this connection that the Energomash science-and-production association (NPO) had developed the first Russian nuclear rocket engine back in 1981. However, its comprehensive tests never took place because of tougher nuclear environmental-safety requirements in space research. The United States also conducted similar experiments, failing to test even a prototype version. // Nonetheless, theoretically nuclear-powered rocket engines cannot be called something entirely new. For its own part, the R\&D institute of space systems near Moscow is busy developing a perpetuum mobile (perpetual-motion engine), of sorts. This engine that will have a virtually unlimited service life could be used on Earth and in outer space. // Our institute’s staffers have been developing a non-jet propulsion unit for several years in a row, Valery Menshikov, who heads this institute, said in mid-March. A liquid or solid-state propulsive mass moves along a preset tornado-shaped trajectory inside this engine, thereby ensuring sustainable propulsion. Quite possibly, we are witnessing a hitherto unknown interaction between the propulsive mass and little-studied fields, including the gravitation field, Menshikov explained.

\bibitem{ane}
\url{http://english.pravda.ru/science/tech/14-04-2009/107399-Russian_scientists-0} Alex Naumov. Russian scientists test perpetual motion machine in space. "Pravda", 14.04.2009. Specialists of the Institute for Space Systems conducted successful tests of the perpetual motion machine in space. Valery Menshikov, the director of the institute, said that the machine was installed at Yubileiny satellite which was launched into orbit almost a year ago. The satellite can now move from one orbit to another with the help of the engine, which discharges no reaction mass.%// The first tests were conducted in June and July of 2008. The tests revealed some problems that need further developments of the machine, but the orbital experiment was conducted successfully in general.

\bibitem{sudakov}{\tt\url{https://www.pravdareport.com/science/112279-nano_satellites/}}
Dmitry Sudakov.
Russian Scientists Test New Type of Engine for Nano Satellites. 18.02.2010 05:29.
Specialists of the Russian Research Center for Space Systems are completing the tests of a unique engine based on new physical principles to obtain propulsive power, Itar-Tass reports.//
The engine, which does not emit reaction mass, was installed at Yubileiny satellite, which was launched into orbit in May of 2008. The engine, which operates both autonomously and remotely, allows the satellite to move from one orbit to another. .. 
%“Our engine is now the last working element on the platform of Yubileiny satellite,” a spokesman for the research center said.//
%The scientist rejected the information which said that the developers of the unique engine had spent millions of rubles from the Russian budget on the development of the new system.//
%“If we had had 200-300 thousand rubles, we would have conducted the experiment on a completely different level to receive much more interesting results,” the scientist added.//
%“Our engine is now the last working element on the platform of Yubileiny satellite,” a spokesman for the research center said.//
%The scientist rejected the information which said that the developers of the unique engine had spent millions of rubles from the Russian budget on the development of the new system. //
%“If we had had 200-300 thousand rubles, we would have conducted the experiment on a completely different level to receive much more interesting results,” the scientist added. //
%The current tests have revealed a number of problems, which the scientists will need to solve to improve the work of the new device. In general, the Russian scientists are satisfied with the results of the experiment conducted on Earth’s orbit.//
%They originally intended to test the new type of engine on the International Space Station, but it was later decided to install it on a satellite for a more pure experiment. //
%The movement takes place as a liquid or solid body moves on a tornado-shaped trajectory. The engine will last for at least 15 years and can be activated nearly 300,000 times during the operation period. The engine is powered with solar batteries.//
%The untraditional engine was tested on Earth too. Russia’s Space Corporation Roskosmos supported the project. Once the tests are completed, the new engine will be used to control orbits of spacecraft and orbital stations. It can also be used during spacewalks.//
%These engines can be used on nano-satellites. In this case the weight of the engines can be reduced to just several grams. The engine is ecologically pure, so it can be used on Earth too, for air and surface transport.


\bibitem{rosko}
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/Rogozin_Dmitry_Olegovich} \\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/Valery_Menshikov}\\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:Nesterov.jpg} (in Russian)\\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:Seliverstov_AI-RKZ.jpg} (in Russian)\\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:VarochkoFragment.png} (in Russian)\\
Leaders of the Russian cosmic program, 2000-2020.

\bibitem{bu}\url{http://www.ras.ru/digest/fdigestlist/bulletin.aspx}\\
Бюллетень "В защиту науки", 2006-2020 (in Russian). Bulletin in defense of science.

\bibitem{r} 
\url{https://ufn.ru/tribune/trib120111.pdf} (Russian version) \\
%\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/PAPERS/2010mestor.pdf} \\
Д.Ю.Кузнецов. Место науки и физики в человеческом знании.
УФН, Трибуна, Т.181, дек.2010.\\% стр. 1-9.\\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/PAPERS/2010mestoe.pdf} (English version)\\
Kouznetsov D. Place of science and physics in the human knowledge. \\
Physics-Uspekhi, v.181, Trubune, p.1-9 (2010-2011)%%in Russian, prototype of this article.

\bibitem{d} 
\url{http://pphmj.com/abstract/5076.htm}
Kouznetsov D. Support of non-traditional concepts. Far East Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Physics. 2010;1(1):1-6.

\bibitem{jmp}
\url{http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=36560}
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/PAPERS/2013jmp.pdf}
D.Kouznetsov. TORI axioms and the applications in physics. Journal of Modern Physics, 2013, v.4, p.1151-1156.

\bibitem{p9}
\url{https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/liu10/files/2010/08/KPopper_Falsification.pdf}
Karl R. Popper. Science as falsification. Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations. London: Routledge and Keagan Paul. 1963;33-39. 

\bibitem{p10}
\url{https://bertie.ccsu.edu/naturesci/PhilSci/PopperArticle.html}
Karl Popper. Science: Conjectures and refutations. - ’Philosophy of Science: A Personal Report’, in British Philosophy in Mid-Century, ed. C. A. Mace; 1957.

\bibitem{p11}
\url{http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1961-02882-000}
Popper, Karl R. The logic of scientific discovery. Oxford, England: Basic Books. 1959;480. 

\bibitem{kom1} \url{https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/oct/02.htm}
Vladimir Lenin. The Tasks of the Youth Leagues Written: October 2, 1920 Source: Collected Works, Volume 31 First Published: Pravda Nos. 221, 222 and 223, October 5, 6 and 7, 1920 Online Version: marx.org in 1997, marxists.org 1999 Transcribed: Colin S. Cavell HTML Markup: Brian Baggins and David Walters Speech Delivered At The Third All-Russia Congress of The Russian Young Communist League. .. 
{\AI The generation of those who are now fifteen will see a communist society, and will itself build this society.. .We must assume that no less than ten years will be required for the electrification of the country, so that our impoverished land may profit from the latest achievements of technology. And so, the generation of those who are now fifteen years old, and will be living in a communist society in ten or twenty years’ time, should tackle all its educational tasks in such a way that every day, in every village and city, the young people shall engage in the practical solution of some problem of labour in common, even though the smallest or the simplest.}

\bibitem{kom2} \url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/1961.ProgramKPSS} Programme of The Communist Party of The Soviet Union-1961 //{\AI
The material and technical basis of communism will be built up by the end of the second decade (1971-80), ensuring an abundance of material and cultural values for the whole population; Soviet society will come close to a stage where it can introduce the principle of distribution according to. needs, and there will be a gradual transition to one form of ownership-public ownership. Thus, a communist society will in the main be built in the U.S.S.R. .. THE PRESENT GENERATION OF SOVIET PEOPLE SHALL LIVE IN COMMUNISM!}

\bibitem{falsimed} \url{http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/4121} \\
Указ «О Комиссии при Президенте Российской Федерации по противодействию попыткам фальсификации истории в ущерб интересам России». 19 мая 2009 года 10:30  (in Russian)\\
Medvedev V.A. Commission to counter attempts to falsify the history to the detriment of Russia.
%\url{http://document.kremlin.ru/doc.asp?ID=052421} This already does not work
%\url{http://www.vbvvbv.narod.ru/Lgenauka.htm}

\bibitem{rod} 
\url{http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8166020.stm}
James Rodgers. Russia acts against 'false' history.
BBC News, 24 July 2009.

\bibitem{religion} \url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/Religion}\\
.. human activity and knowledge, based on some (specific for each religion) set of irrefutable concepts, believes, texts, symbols and performances..

\bibitem{fact} \url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/Scientific_fact} \\
Scientific concept, that has no competitors at least in some range of its applicability. 

\bibitem{gordon} 
\url{https://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5765/1240.3}
\url{https://doi.org/10.1126/science.311.5765.1240c}
Kenneth R. Gordon. Objectivity in Science. Science  03 Mar 2006:
Vol. 311, Issue 5765, pp. 1240-1241

\bibitem{n14} \url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/I_frame_no_hypotheses}\\
sentence, that is usually attributed to Isaac Newton..

\bibitem{teplov}  Теплов Борис Михайлович. Об объективном методе в психологии. Советская педагогика, 1952, 7, 66-86.  (In Russian. Since y.2020, not available online)\\
.. Объективная истина - это та часть нашего знания, которая правильно отражает реальность и не зависит от предмета, то есть от человеческого сознания и воли. Следовательно, объективный метод означает метод, который ведет к познанию объективной истины. Для материализма «признание объективной истины имеет основополагающее значение»; следовательно, вся материалистическая наука должна быть объективной в методе. ..\\
Teplov B.M. The objective method in psychology, Sovetskaja pedagogika, 1952,7, 66-86. ..
"Objective truth is that part of our knowledge that correctly reflects reality and does not depend on the subject, that is, on human consciousness and will. Therefore, the objective method means the method that leads to the knowledge of objective truth. For materialism, "the recognition of objective truth is of fundamental importance"; therefore, all materialistic science must be objective in method."

\bibitem{gloves}\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/You_cannot_make_revolution_in_white_gloves}\\
(This sentence appears in various sites, and attributed to Vladimir Lenin. The sites do not indicate the source. Perphaps, the original article by V.Lenin with such a quote is already destroyed; this practice is described in the novel by G.Orwell "1984".)

\bibitem{sonin} \url{http://russcience.chat.ru/papers/son91vr2.htm}
А.С.Сонин. Печальный юбилей одной кампании 
// Вестник РАН, 1991, т.61, №8, с.96-107.  (in Russian)
Sonin AS. Sad jubilee of one company. (in Russian) Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 1991;61(N8):96-107.

\bibitem{many}
\url{https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11533721/}
Soyfer VN. The consequences of political dictatorship for Russian science. Nat Rev Genet. 2001;2(9):723-9. 
\\
\url{http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/reprint/30/1/107.pdf}
Alan A, Stone MD. Psychiatrists on the side of the angels. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2002;30:
107-11.
\\
\url{http://jaapl.org/content/jaapl/30/1/136.full.pdf}
Richard J. Bonnie, LLB. Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union and in China. J. Am
Acad Psychiatry Law. 2002;30:136-44.
\\
\url{https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1983-23326-001}
Stephen Faraon. Psychiatry and political repression in the Soviet Union. American Psychologist.
1982;37(10):1105-1112.
\\
%\url{http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/abstract/148/3/247}
\url{https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.148.3.247}
Merskey H, Shafran B. Political hazards in the diagnosis of ’sluggish schizophrenia’. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1986;148:247-256.
\\
\url{http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1970-08540-000}
Thomas Stephen Szasz. The Manufacture of Madness: A Comparative Study of the Inquisition and the Mental Health Movement Oxford; 1970. 

\bibitem{popperC}
\url{https://www.academia.edu/33304871/A_Sceptical_Look_at_A_Skeptical_Look_at_Ka rl_Popper}
Martin Gardner. A Skeptical Look at Karl Popper. Skeptical Inquirer. 2001;25(4):13-14,72hom.

%Anojhin D,
\bibitem{krugliakov}
\url{http://www.prometeus.nsc.ru/acquisitions/09-12-08/cont14.ssi}
Кругляков Э.П. "Ученые" с большой дороги-3: сборник. - М.: Наука, 2009. - 357 с. (In Russian) 
\\
\url{https://razumru.ru/humanism/journal/48/kruglyakov.htm}
Эдуард Кругляков.  Лжеучёные и лженаука грозят превратить Россию в страну дикарей.
ЗДРАВЫЙ СМЫСЛ Лето 2008 № 3 (48). (in Russian)
Krugliakov E. Pseudoscientists and pseudoscience may convert Russia into country of barbarians. Common Sense. 2008;N3(48). 

\bibitem{ginzburg}
\url{http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/5372/}
Академик В. ГИНЗБУРГ. О ЛЖЕНАУКЕ И НЕОБХОДИМОСТИ БОРЬБЫ С НЕЙ. Наука и жизнь,
N11; 2000.(In Russian)
Ginzburg V.L. About the pseudoscience and the need to fight it.  Science and Life, 2000, 11.

\bibitem{drunk} Sources of Fig.2:
\url{http://cartoon.kulichki.com/drunk/drun051.htm} Евгений Кран. Алкаши. Карикатуры, 2020.06.17. Карикатура про воспитание подрастающего поколения. Памятник пионерскому горнисту. Современный пионер в той же позе пьет пиво. .. Мои карикатуры можно публиковать без разрешения автора с указанием автора Евгения Крана и источника заимствования! Для приобретения карикатур полным размером пишите карикатуристу - karikaturyhumor(собака)gmail.com skype Kranev (in Russian)
\\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:Khrunichev00ztteda.jpg}\\
Product of the Khrunichev center gets the pre-flight test by the ortodox bishop. 2011-08-18.\\
\url{http://www.anekdot.ru/id/762195/} 09 мая 2015. РПЦ проводит внутреннее расследование в отношении попа, проводившего обряд освящения космического корабля перед запуском. По версии следствия, была использована разбавленная святая вода и контрафактные предметы церковной утвари. (In Russian)
\\
\url{http://www.kp.ru/daily/26118/3012534/} Приамурье от наводнения собираются спасти чудотворной иконой. Семен РУДЕНКО, Алексей КОЗЫРИН. РИН (13 Августа, 13:42) .. в полете к епископу Лукиану обещает присоединиться и губернатор Олег Кожемяко. Будет не только молиться – посмотрит, как ситуация на местах. (in Russian)\\
\url{http://www.novayagazeta.ru/news/83411.html} Наталья Половинко. Уровень воды в реке Амур на Дальнем Востоке стремительно поднимается. 20.08.2013. В Амурской и Еврейской автономной областях, а также Хабаровском крае объявлен режим ЧС. Больше всех пострадала Амурская область...// В зоне подтопления оказались более 34 тысяч человек, в общей сложности более 140 населенных пунктов. Из опасной зоны эвакуировано 12,68 тысячи человек.// В Амурской области в зоне бедствия оказались более 8 тысяч детей, в Еврейской автономной области — 872, в Хабаровском крае — 149. (in Russian)
\\
\url{https://pikabu.ru/story/dve_bedyi_1601713} Две Беды. 2012. (In Russian). The author means the two disasters: idiots and roads.

\bibitem{eastman}
\url{https://mccchurch.org/files/2016/08/ NotSinNotSick.pdf} Elder Don Eastman. Homosexuality; not a sin, not a sickness. Los Angeles Universal Fellowship Press, 1990.
 
\bibitem{robinson}
\url{http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_bibc2.htm} Robinson B.A. Homosexual passages from the Christian Scriptures. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 2008-SEP-2

\bibitem{ben}
\sx{.93}[.96]{\tt \url{https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/17/theater/theater-review-superstar-or-not-jesus-returns.html}}
Ben Brantley. Superstar or not, ’Jesus’ returns. Published: Apr. 17, 2000, page E1.
\\
\url{http://www.nytimes.com/ 2005/12/19/arts/television/19mast.htm} Paul Sonne. Russians Await a Cult Novel’s Film Debut With Eagerness and Skepticism. NewYork Times, December 19, 2005, 

\bibitem{bulgakov}
\sx{.76}[.9]{\tt \url{https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/19/arts/television/russians-await-a-cult-novels-film-debut-with-eagerness-and.html}}
Paul Sonne. Russians Await a Cult Novel’s Film Debut With Eagerness and Skepticism. NewYork Times, December 19, 2005.

\bibitem{fig3}
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:02178SnowGirlShokaFragment.jpg}\\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:Tsuru01s.png}\\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:KouznetsovPaintFlowers018.jpg}\\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:KouznetsovPaintSky019.jpg}\\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:MalevicCross.jpg}\\
Sources combined into figure 3.

\bibitem{fig4}
\url{http://pinterest.com/pin/230950287111242293/}\\
Станислав Тихомиров. Девушка на Красной площади. Москва, июнь 2005.(in Russian) \\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:165646_159456387440029_1685699_n.jpg}\\
\url{https://www.mult.ru/main/english-version/}  (The original is lost in y. 2018)\\
Sources combined into figure 4.

\bibitem{omnipo}
\url{http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1913/mar/x01.htm}\\
V.I.Lenin. The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism. Lenins Collected Works, Progress Publishers, 1977, Moscow, Vol.19, p.21-28.

\bibitem{hua}
\url{http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hua-guofeng/1976/09/18.htm}\\
Hua Guofeng. Memorial speech. September 18, 1976. Hua Guofeng Internet Archive, January 2004. 
Transcribed/HTML Markup: Kenneth Higham and Roland Ferguson. .. \\
LONG LIVE INVINCIBLE MARXISM-LENINISM-MAO TSETUNG THOUGHT! ..

\bibitem{maya}
\url{https://europeanmemories.net/magazine/lenins-mausoleum-a-haunted-house-on-red-square-1/}\\
Lenin’s Mausoleum: A Haunted House on Red Square. This is a shortened version of ‘Haunted House: Memory, Ghosts and Political Theology in Lenin’s Mausoleum,’ that was published in Constellations: A Journal of Critical and Democracy Theory, Vol 24, No 4, December 2017, 555-569. .. “Lenin lived, Lenin lives, Lenin will live!” Vladimir Mayakovsky ..

%\bibitem{lenin1920} see {kom1}
%\url{https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/oct/02.htm} Vladimir Lenin. The Tasks of the Youth Leagues Written: October 2, 1920 Source: Collected Works, Volume 31 First Published: Pravda Nos. 221, 222 and 223, October 5, 6 and 7, 1920 Online Version: marx.org in 1997, marxists.org 1999 Transcribed: Colin S. Cavell HTML Markup: Brian Baggins and David Walters Speech Delivered At The Third All-Russia Congress of The Russian Young Communist League. .. The generation of those who are now fifteen will see a communist society, and will itself build this society.. .. We must assume that no less than ten years will be required for the electrification of the country, so that our impoverished land may profit from the latest achievements of technology. And so, the generation of those who are now fifteen years old, and will be living in a communist society in ten or twenty years’ time, should tackle all its educational tasks in such a way that every day, in every village and city, the young people shall engage in the practical solution of some problem of labour in common, even though the smallest or the simplest. ..

\bibitem{maos}
\url{http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-7/mswv7_296.htm}\\
Mao Tse-tung. Telegram to the USSR on Stalin's Death. People's Daily, March 7, 1953. ..
The immortal beacon of Comrade Stalin will forever illuminate the path on which the Chinese people march forward. ..

\bibitem{gene}
\url{https://www.biblegateway.com/verse/en/Genesis%2015%3A13}
Genesis 15:13, .. GNV // Then he said to Abram, Know for a surety, that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, four hundred years, and shall serve them: and they entreat them evil. ..

\bibitem{zeldin}
\url{https://www.jstor.org/stable/1385258?seq=1}
Mary-Barbara Zeldin. The religious nature of Russian marxism. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 8, No.1 (1969), pp. 100-111.
 
\bibitem{riegel}
\sx{.92}[.95]{\tt
\url{http://svonz.lenin.ru/articles/Klaus-Georg_Riegel-Marxism-Leninism_as_a_Political_Religion.pdf}}\\
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D Yu Kouznetsov. Quantum fluctuations do not annihilate the optical soliton.
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\bibitem{atmo}
\url{http://www.ils.uec.ac.jp/~dima/PAPERS/1997density.pdf}\\ V.V.Voitsekhovich, D.Kouznetsov, D.Kh.Morozov. Density of turbulence-induced phase dislocations. Applied Optics, 1998, 37, No.21, p.4525-4535.

\bibitem{augusto}
\url{https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1312852}\\
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%We derive a perturbative series solution to the capacitance between two parallel electrodes with irregular profiles. The coefficients in the series are calculated using fast Fourier transform algorithms resulting in a very fast method. The applicability of the perturbative series solution is extended by introducing a spectral window function which can make the series converge in cases where the standard series does not converge. ..
%We show that the filtered perturbative solution is applicable to surface profiles with surprisingly large features. However, limitations on its applicability to surfaces with high spatial frequencies remain. Perturbation theory could be a powerful tool for simulating surface-profile images obtained by scanning a capacitive probe. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.

\bibitem{lupe}
\url{https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ChJPh..40..130L/abstract} \\
Ley-Koo E., Villa-Torres G., Kouznetsov D. Aharonov-Bohm effect on Landau states in annular Cylindrical Boxes. Chinese J. of Physics, 40, No.2, p.130-141 (2002). 

\bibitem{kra} 
\url{http://www.ils.uec.ac.jp/~dima/PAPERS/2007jlwt.pdf}
J.-F.Bisson, D.Kouznetsov. Comments on "Study of the Complex Atomic Susceptibility of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers". Journal of Lightwave Technology, v. 26, No.4, p. 457-459 (2008) 

\bibitem{pra}
\url{http://www.ils.uec.ac.jp/~dima/PAPERS/PhysRevA_72_013617.pdf}\\
D.Kouznetsov, H.Oberst, Scattering of waves at ridged mirrors. Phys.Rev.A, 72 013617 (2005). \\
\url{http://www.ils.uec.ac.jp/~dima/PAPERS/nanoscope.pdf}\\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/PAPERS/nanoscope.pdf}\\
\url{http://stacks.iop.org/0953-4075/39/1605}
D.Kouznetsov, H.Oberst, A.Neumann, Y.Kuznetsova, K.Shimizu, J.-F.Bisson, K.Ueda, S.R.J.Brueck. Ridged atomic mirrors and atomic nanoscope. J. of Physics B, 39 p. 1605-1623 (2006) 

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\url{http://www.ils.uec.ac.jp/~dima/PAPERS/2009optmat.pdf}\\
\url{http://mizugadro.mydns.jp/PAPERS/2009optmat.pdf} Kouznetsov D, Bisson J-F, Ueda K, Scaling laws of disk lasers. Optical materials, 31, Issue 5, p.754-759 (2009) 

\bibitem{analuxp}
\url{http://www.ams.org/mcom/2009-78-267/S0025-5718-09-02188-7/home.html}\\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/PAPERS/2009analuxpRepri.pdf} D.Kouznetsov. Analytic solution of F(z+1)=exp(F(z)) in complex z-plane. Mathematics of Computation, v.78 (2009), 1647-1670.

\bibitem{fac}
\url{http://www.ils.uec.ac.jp/~dima/PAPERS/2010superfae.pdf} \\
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D.Kouznetsov, H.Trappmann. Superfunctions and square root of factorial. Moscow University Physics Bulletin, ser. 3, Issue 13, p.8-14(2010) 

\bibitem{sup}
\url{http://www.ils.uec.ac.jp/~dima/PAPERS/2010support.pdf}\\
\url{http://pphmj.com/abstract/5076.htm} Kouznetsov D, Support of non-traditional concepts. Far East Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Physics, 1, Issue 1, p.1-6 (2010)

\bibitem{troika}
\url{https://ia800707.us.archive.org/14/items/ArkadyBorisStrugatskyTaleOfTheTroika/} \\
eVersion 1.0. TALE OF THE TROIKA. Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. (2020)

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\url{http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v88/i22/p221117_s1} Wenxue Li, Haifeng Pan, Liang’en Ding, Heping Zeng, Wei Lu, Guangjun Zhao, Chengfeng Yan, Liangbi Su, and Jun Xu. Efficient diode-pumped $\rm Yb:Gd_2 Si O_5$ laser. Appl.Phys.Lett. v.88, 221117 (2006)

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\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.14.006681} Wenxue Li, Shixiang Xu, Haifeng Pan, Liangen Ding, Heping Zeng, Wei Lu, Chunlei Guo, Guangjun Zhao, Chengfeng Yan, Liangbi Su, and Jun Xu. Efficient tunable diode-pumped Yb:LYSO laser. Optics Express, Vol. 14, Issue 15, pp. 6681-6686 (2006), doi 10.1364/OPEX.14.000686

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D. Kouznetsov. Comment on Efficient diode-pumped Yb:Gd2SiO5 laser (Appl.Phys.Lett.88,221117(2006)). APL, v.90, p.066101 (2007)

\bibitem{greta}
\url{https://www.businessinsider.com/viral-video-greta-thunberg-speech-death-metal-2019-9}\\ A viral video remixed Greta Thunberg’s UN speech as Swedish death metal. She said she’ll ’be doing death metal only’ from now on. Morgan McFall-Johnsen. Sep 30, 2019, 6:24 PM\\
\url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMrtLsQbaok} Greta Thunberg to world leaders: 
How dare you? You have stolen my dreams and my childhood'. Sep 23, 2019. Guardian News // 'You have stolen my dreams and my childhood with your empty words,' climate activist Greta Thunberg has told world leaders at the 2019 UN climate action summit in New York. In an emotionally charged speech, she accused them of ignoring the science behind the climate crisis, saying: 'We are in the beginning of a mass extinction and all you can talk about is money and fairy tales of eternal economic growth - how dare you!'

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Snow at Tokyo, 2013.01.14 

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В России 21:16, 22 июля 2017 Выпавший град образовал сугробы в Санкт-Петербурге. (in Russian)
Heavy snow at Peterburg 2017.07.22 

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\url{https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Global_warming}
.. average air temperature near the Earth's surface rose by 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) from 1906 to 2005. .. (state for years 2014 - 2020)

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\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/Global_warming}
.. concept stating that the mean temperature of the surface of the Earth rises, and the government should assign huge grants to the organizations, that declare the struggle against this rise as their main goal. 

\bibitem{laputa} Jonathan Swift. A Voyage to Laputa ... “Gulliver's Travels”, Part 3, Chapter 2.

 
\end{thebibliography}

{\Aa Biography of author(s)}

\includegraphics[width=100pt]{1}\\
\sx{.8}{\ab Dmitrii Kouznetsov}\\
\sx{.9}{Institute for Laser Science, Univertity of Electro Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, 182-8585, Japan}

\setlength{\baselineskip}{5pt}
\sx{.82}{\ab Research and Academic Experience:}
{\Aa 
Century 20: Proven the quantum stability of the optical soliton, Suggested the low bound of the quantum noise of a nonlinear amplifier, Indicated the limit of the single mode approximation in quantum optics.\\
Century 21: Theorem on the boundary behavior of modes of the Dirichlet Laplacian, Deduction of limits of passive coherent addition of lasers, Theory of ridged atomic mirrors, Formalism of superfunctions, TORI axioms.}

\sx{.82}{\ab Research area:}
{\Aa Physics, Mathematics, History}

\sx{.82}{\ab Number of Published papers: 101 (\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/PAPERS/})}
{\Aa 

\rule{\textwidth}{.7pt}
\rule{60pt}{0pt}\sx{.95}{\Ai © Copyright (2020): Author(s). The licensee is the publisher (Book Publisher International).}

\sx{.75}{\ab DISCLAIMER}\\[1pt]
{\Aa
This chapter compile some results described earlier in articles published by the same author(s) in the following journals.\\
Place of science and physics in the human knowledge. Physics-Uspekhi, v.181, Trubune, p.1-9, 2010-2011 (in Russian) TORI Axioms and the Application in Physics. Journal of Modern Physics, 4(9): 1151-1156, 2013.\\
Broadband laser materials and the McCumber relation. Chinese Optics Letters, 5: S240-S242, 2007.
}
\vskip 12pt

%\sx{1.2}{\ab APPENDIX}

\sx{1.25}{\ab Reviewer’s Information}
\A
%\setlength{\parskip}{7pt}
\setlength{\baselineskip}{11.6pt}

{\ab Preface:} Several corrections by the Reviewer 1 are minor  (for example, misprints).\\
Some of notes by Reviewer 1 could not be taken into account so easily; they are copypasted below.

{\ab End of section 2:} Where does love enter in these four classification?\\[2pt]
{\ab Authors reply:} Love is custom. The flowers of love are difficult to grow-up at the background of hate,
slavery, sadism and tyranny. Love is difficult for the scientific analysis. So, it is not mentioned. 

{\ab About section 6:} I do not think Buddhists consider Buddha as God.\\[2pt]
{\ab Authors reply:} It does not matter. Big statues of Buddha are the proof.\\
Lenin, Stalin, Hitler, Molotov, Ribbentrop and their partners also did not consider themselves as fascists. However, the numbers of victims the national and international socialisms greatly exceed the number of victims of regimen by Benito Mussolini, who had declared himself as fascist.

{\ab More about section 6:} However omnipotent as she is, God cannot cancel something that already happened. So, Sovietism is not a religion.\\[2pt]
{\ab Authors reply:} The 'Big Brother' and his accomplices in Utopia "1984" do not declare themselves as religious adepts, but the alteration of the past is namely that they are doing constantly. The "ministry of Truth" is dedicated to canceling of things that already happened. Similar phenomena take place in the USSR, in Russia, North Korea and China. (By the way, several authors, who had published the wrong results mentioned, have affiliation at institutes of China; Marxism is official religion there.)

%{\ab About end of section 7:} The sentence “Before quantum ...” would need justification or a references, over-vice, it might be considered as pseudo-science.\\[2pt]
%{\ab Authors reply:} Thanks for the note! The statement about entry of mathematics to other sciences is rewritten and supplied with references.

{\ab About section 12:} Here, we talk about global warming, so, any "local" event cannot refute the concept. If we look at the global indicators: level of sea water, amount of CO2 in the atmosphere averaged over the planet, then the evidence of global warming becomes very strong.\\[2pt]
{\ab Authors reply:} I saw many publications about global warming. None of them refers to a site, where the data about sea level in various places (that could help to confirm or to negate the concept) are available in a free access. I add reference to Citizendium, that indicates, that the raise of the mean temperature is of order of 1°C/century.

{\ab More about section 12:} It is easy to show that global warming is a fact: just look at the time series of the Earth's temperature over the last 40 years. It is increasing year after year. If the Earth's global temperature next year, and in two years, etc., then this will be a refutation. Easy.\\[2pt]
{\ab Authors reply:} 40 years, it is too short interval for the climatic activities. Aleksander Pushkin gives an example, when, in the Peterburg region, the rains continued until the end of year, and only in January, the precipitation changed from water to snow. That happened hundreds year ago. There are many such historic evidences. But I see no collections of these evidences in the literature about the global warming. And, again, the adepts of the Global Warming do not provide links to the sites, where the temperature data are available. They do not indicate, which “optimistic“ models (that do not imply a global catastrophe) were used to fit the data; no estimate of the statistical significance of rejection of these models is found. The same refers to data about the level of water in oceans.\\
The graphics of the mean temperature by Dawn Stover\\
\url{https://thebulletin.org/2014/09/the-global-warming-hiatus/}
D.Stover.  The global warming “hiatus”. September 23, 2014.\\
look similar to any other random process with wide spectrum,\\
\sx{.85}[.9]{\url{https://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/metz/detail/7/89038/Method_of_random_wave_vectors_in_the_simulation_of}}
D.Kouznetsov, V.Voitsekhovich. Method of random wave-vectors in the simulation of correlated random processes. Meteorologische Zeitschrift Vol. 7 No. 5 (1998), p. 230 - 236.\\
Should I write a special article about the global warming, citing these two publications?

{\ab Authors comment:} Thank to Reviewer 1 for the good job and the important comments.

%About section 13: This is debatable. I would say, science is more important than technology.
%Authors reply: Society with science without technology is described at “Gulliver's Travels” by Jonathan Swift, Part 3, Chapter 2. Thanks, I cite this.
\end{document}   
