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\large
\sx{1.8}{\bf History 0. \small ~ (compiled \today)}
\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{180pt}
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\href{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1754_Tartaria_map.jpg}
{\includegraphics[width=190pt]{../Pics/1754TartariaMap.jpg}}
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\caption{Historic map of Tartaria}
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\end{wrapfigure}
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\vskip 4pt
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Created at Galia National University of Tartaria, 2121\\
Under general edition by Vovan Bratkov and Gella Ivanov.\\[8pt]
Department of Humanity, GNUT, \\
3N Academic Line, Galia, Tartaria.
%Recommended by Federal Ministry of Education of Tartaria for refugees of truelags of all kinds.
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\sx{1.1}{\bf Abstract.}
Exercises for application of the tools are supplied.

\vskip 8pt

\section{ Preface}
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\parskip=8pt
\vskip -6pt


Our country happened from and after the Taratar, horrible Bigpuf, that had destroyed the previous civilization.

We have to make the new civilization, beginning almost with zero.
Such a process would take hundreds of generations, many kiloyears; but we still have powerful instruments:
the Constitution of Tartaira and understanding of importance of Science. With these basic tools, we hope to get all other tools we need to build the civilization.

Important park of Science is History. We need to know, what happened in the past, in order to know, what can we expect in the Future.

We need to reveal to origin of wars and revolutions, in order not to allow them to repeat. In order that the Bigpuf cannot happen again; at least at Tartaria. In our country, the popular slogan is {\bf Never again!}
Investigation and learning of the History is key to realization of this slogan. In this sense, for Tartaria, History is the most important science.

This course or Tartarian history is an attempt to interpret the sparse documents, that survived the Bigpuf;
fortunately, some of these documents were stored in civilized countries and available through the network; we tried to collect and to systemize the most important of them, in order to build at least one self-consistent concept of the events.

Such a concept should agree with observations; both, with the direct evidence, that we see, and
with documents: Either to consider each document as original, or treat it as fraud, fake. In the last case, we need to 
think, who, why, what for had been altered the original document, and what could be an original; so, we have to deal with emulations, models, that are expected to agree with observations.

One of possible historic concepts about Tartaria is presented below. The students are encouraged to search for the evidences, and to try to construct another, perhaps, simpler model, that still should describes the observed phenomena. The sentences from this course can be used as keywords for the search of other concepts, that can be compared to this course.

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\tableofcontents

\chapter{ Introduction }

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{90px}
\begin{picture}(90,112)
\put(1,-11){\includegraphics[width=96px]{God2Fragment.jpg}}
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\caption{God}
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\end{wrapfigure}
The first historical documents about History are Torah, the Bible and the Koran.\\
We begin with the short description of their meanings.

\section{ Genesis }
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\parskip=10pt
\vskip -12pt


There was nothing, except God. Any thing to God belonged, and God was the Universal Set.

God had created the Logics and natural numbers. God looked at the logics and numbers and saw, that the logic and numbers are good.

There was nothing else, even the space-time did not exist. And the only God was everything.

With the logics and the numbers, God created the fields. And saw God, that the fields are good.

For fields, God made the Universe. God expanded the Universe, making space-time for the fields. And saw God, that the Universe is good.

God made proportionalities and symmetries in the Universe, giving fields to the numbers and numbers to the fields. And saw God that the symmetries are good.

Expanding the Universe, God gave sense to the Logics he had created.

The symmetry created by God gave sense to the numbers, and numbers gave sense to the symmetry.

God expanded the Universe, and it become cold, and the fields collapsed to the matter.

Let the mater bend the space, God said, and the matter begun to attract other matter, to slow down the expansion of the Universe. And God saw, that it is good.

The matter collapsed to the galaxies and stars and planets. The rest space become dark due to the expansion. In such a way, the planetary systems were created. And saw God, that the planets are good.
Using this Universe, God created the Life. Let the only life produce the life, God said and it became so.
God gave the life enough room, and the life does not meet another life. In such a way, God had separated the life from the non-living objects. And saw God that the life is good.

Using this life, God created Humanity. God made Man and Woman, giving then some abilities for self–reproduction and thinking.

For the human's need, God had arranged the 10 fundamental symmetries that hold with precision of order of 20 decimal digits, providing the 10 fundamental Conservations. Also, God made many additional symmetries; and God found, that the Human use these symmetries. And God saw that this is good.
The Humanity was not ready to use even a small amount of the symmetries God provided; God had arranged the great reserve for Humanity.

\section{Tools}
\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{120px}
\begin{picture}(120,30)
\put(2,-12){\includegraphics[width=140px]{03156dimaFire320.jpg}}
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\caption{Fire}
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\end{wrapfigure}

\baselineskip=16pt
\parskip=11pt
\vskip -4pt

God gave Humans the Fire, and ability to make instruments with the fire. With such tools, Humans become stronger than any animals; and even biggest animals, like elephants and whales, happened to be weak against Humans equipped with the appropriate tools, weapon. 

Most of the animals, except parasites (mosquitoes,  leeches, tick parasites, batteries, viruses, etc), normally, do not attack humans.

God said to humans: You are workers for my Goals, and both pleasure and pain make your prosperity. Follow my Word, work on yourselves, and the prosperity and happiness will be with you, – God said.
God said to humans: Do not try to be as I am. Only I am Absolute; only I may deal with the Universal set. Those, who invent their own concepts and believe that these concepts are valid at the Universal set, do evil, sin, and such sinners will be punished.

God showed to humans his power enormous, and respected the humans God, and begun to pray for God, asking the goods from God for themselves, instead of to work for God's goals.

Then Humans became enemies of Humans. A lot of crimes had been spread among Humans, from frauds and misinformation to robbery, slavery and murdering of any kinds.

Humans begun to invent their own gods, attributing them the properties of the Absolute Set.
Humans used to write down the wrong concepts, and believed that those concepts are true and omnipotent. Killing of the "wrong-believers" had been considered as way to serve God. So, God upset with the frauds around his wills. God saw, that the Humans are bad. And God left Humans without God's protection.

There were some attempts to help Humans; one of them is described in the New Testament.
However, that attempt cannot be considered as successful.
Some Angels sometimes try to help Humanity, but it is difficult to investivate their activity, 
it is difficult (or even impossible) for the scientific analysis. So, we try not to refer to the God's will in this course. 

Since the first Human civilizations, the rulers and their ofees 
need to solve the main their problem: how to keep the power to handle the people.
The people are many, and the offees are few. The two maid weapon of the offees are:\\
1. Misinformation, fraud.\\
2. Separation, division of Humans to ``fiends'' and ``enemies''.

These tools act together. Without fraud, it is difficult to convince the people to leave theri families,
their wives, their children for the arbitrariness of officials and marauders, and go fight into neighbour country to fight with the similar arbitrariness of officials and marauders
fight the similar deceived simpletons.

The easiest criterion for the division uses the morphological differences between various types of the Human bodies, this refer to races. Their analysis helps to trace migration of the first Humans. 

\section{Creation and spreading of Humans}
\parskip=4pt
\baselineskip=14pt
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\vskip -9pt
\href{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:Tira01.jpg}
{\includegraphics[height=144pt]{Tira01small.jpg}}
\href{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:HumanMuigration2.jpg}
{\includegraphics[height=144pt]{HumanMuigration2.jpg}}
\href{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:HumanMigration5.jpg}
{\includegraphics[height=144pt]{HumanMigration5small.jpg}}
\end{center}
\vskip -9pt
\caption{Maps of migration of Humans across Asia and Pacific ocean}
\end{figure}
The first species of Human, Homo Sapience, left very few traces.
Even the names of those species are chosen not after some their morphological shape, nor after their customs, but after places, where the traces had been found.

First human-like animals are called australopithecus, as traces had been found at South ("australs"), central and East Africa
\cite{australopitecus,australo}. The time scale is attributed to years since
$-4\!\times\!10^6$  to $-10^6$.

The "more advanced" species is called "Homo neanderthalensis"
after valley Neandertal \cite{neandertal} in Germany.
The time interval is believed to be around years since 
$-10^6$ to $-10^5$.
 
The later species are denoted with term "Cromagnon" after the cave 
Abri de Cro-Magnon in France
\cite{cromagnon}.
The time interval is estimated since  $-10^5$ to $-10^4$.

The modern Humankind people are believed to be direct descendants of Cromagnons.
%There are many models, many special terms related to first humans, and various estimates that do not batch each other. Values of the time intervals above are very qualitative; they are believed to have correct order of magnitude. 
Soon after the creation, the Humankind spread along the surface of the Earth.

About $-100$ kiloyears ago, the plans dominate at the Earth.
They consume the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
The carbon is accumulated in form of coal and oil, deep below the surface.
Without carbon dioxyde, the atmosphere becomes transparent for the infrared light,
boosting the cooling of the Earth. It becomes cold; the surface, except the tropical regions, covers with glassiers. They accumulate water. It became cold ant dry.

At year approx. $-50000$, something happens.
Either the moon drops away from fast-rotating planet, or, contrary, a big asteroid hits the Earth.
This causes 
%evaporation of the ice in vicinity and burning of the layers of the coal and oil;
erruption into the atmosphere and space around huge amount of dust and ache.
It covers glassiers, causing their melting and evaporation.
The water returns as rains, causing the huge flooding. Many animals and humans die.

Several Human families survive the flooding. They use barbatian metods.
Humans provoke the wild fire, in order to protect themselves against dangerous predators,
and also to burn some animals for food. Such a style of using of nature
cause migration: Humans move, looking for the places, where the forrest is not yet burned out.

That cause migration of Humans, the spreading over the planet.
In year -40000 – 15000, the Humans populate not only Africa and Eurasia, but also America,
generating varieties of the Human civilizations.

%The Human tribes interact each other. This interaction has several aspects:
%1. Wars. Stronger tribes kill and eat the weakest.
%2. Exchange with goods and technology, cooperation.
%This kind of relation make both interacting tribes stronger.
%3. Spread of diseases. This kind of interaction helps to improve the immune systems.

Since year -10000, traces of Humankind are observed in all continents.
Interaction between tribes generates the culture. 
Tools and languages are generated. 
More cultural tribes become stronger.
International competition between tribes in technology generates various Human cultures.

The migration of Humans can be traded both by the pre-historical scripts and the genetic analysis.
The Humankind has millions of genes that could be used to identify the species.
Roughly, there are  four "basic" Human races. They are considered int the next lesson.
 
\newpage
\section{Races and nations}
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\vskip -10pt
\href{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:NegriNaPlyazhe18fragment.jpg}
{\includegraphics[height=160px]{NegriNaPlyazhe18fragment480.jpg}}
\href{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:RedGirlUrlmn.jpg}
{\includegraphics[height=160px]{RedGirlUrlmn160.jpg}} ~
\href{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:Legs003_1000fragm.jpeg}
{\includegraphics[height=160px]{Legs003_1000fragm164.jpeg}} ~
\href{File:Tolstuha56.jpg}
{\includegraphics[height=160px]{Tolstuha56fragment112.jpg}} ~~~
\href{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:TartariaFlag00.jpg}
{\includegraphics[height=160px]{TartariaFlag00.jpg}}
\end{center}
\vskip -12pt\caption{Examples of Black , Red , Yellow and White race Humans ;~ flag or Tartaria. ~ \label{races}}
\vskip -4px
\end{figure}

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\parskip=4pt
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Any group of similar people has tendency to attack other people, who have significant deviation from their standard. This phenomenon is called Xenofobia. 
%It plays important role in the Human history; so, we should consider it.
Xenophobia caused wars lead to separation of people by morphological properties of their bodies.
These morphological properties refer to races.
There are certain genetical differences between various human populations. the subspecies of Humankind are qualified as races.
A race is a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society. Four basic races can be traced: Black, Red, Yellow and White.

{\bf Black race} is characterized with black or brown skin, black curly hair flat nose. most of blacks are told, although the small pygmies also can b equalized as "black".
Black people are strong in dancing, sport and in reproduction; they are, generally, healthy. Black people have smart immune system, but not so resistant with respect to drugs, including smoking and alcohol.
Hybridization of black people with other races gives many famous, extraordinary persons.
For this, the Black race is important for the development of Humanity.

{\bf Red race} is characterized with curly black or red hair, a dark, a little bit red skin, big nose. Jews, Arabians, Indians and most of pre-european Americans can be qualified as red.
Red races are smart in business, sport, art and science. They have strong immune system, but they are vulnerable with respect to new and dangerous ideas.
Many smart discoveries are made by researchers of red race through kiloyears, since the Arabian numbers to General theory of Relativity. For this, the Red race is important for Humanity.

{\bf Yellow race} is characterized with yellow color of skin; usually black straight hair, flat face, black slanted eyes.
Most of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and, in general, South-Eeast Asia can be qualified as Yellows.
People of Yellow race are smart and accurate in following the established rules; this makes them excellent workers. Significant part of the world goods (perhaps, majority) is manufactured by the yellow race. So, the Yellow race is important for Humanity.

{\bf White race}. People of White race have rose, almost white skin, gray or blue eyes, light color of hair, small nose.
White people are vulnerable to self-organization to the dangerous and aggressive groups by any criteria: racial, religious, nationals. White people are not so strong in self-defense: on century 20, two biggest World Wars had been organized with involvement of many white people.
White people are smart in formulation of non-trivial concepts and solutions. Many technical and scienticic inventions of centuries 19 and 20, including steam machines and airplanes, had been made by the people of White race. For this, the White race is important for Humanity.

%Easy visible distinguishes between races help to divide the Humans to "enemies" and "compatriots". Differences in languages, the style of clothes, even stile of hairs serve the same goal. The offees use this difference to create the "image of the enemy". Such an image it very important to promote the wars.
All the four races are important. Nazism, attempts to discriminate or exterminate any of them causes quick degradation of society to a barbarian state. Tartaria is created as society of all the 4 races; this is taken in to account in design of flag of Tartaria shown in Fig. \ref{races}.

\section{Wars}

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{180pt}
\begin{picture}(170,180)
\put(0,-12){
\href{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WhiteArmyPropagandaPosterOfTrotsky.jpg}{\includegraphics[width=183px]{WhiteArmyPropagandaPosterOfTrotsky174.jpg}}}
\end{picture}
\caption{Murder, symbol of war}
\vskip -18pt
\end{wrapfigure}

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\parskip=6pt
\vskip -4pt

The most of the Human history refers to disasters, discoveries and revolutions, wars.
Disasters and discoveries are difficult to predict; so, the most attention is usually payed to wars.
In this sense, the history of Human civilization is history of murders.
 
One says, {\em The history is written by winners}.\\
Many statements about History are not scientific; the authors did not care about testing of their concepts.
The author do not indicate, which observations could be interpreted as refutations of their concept.
Especially this refers to revolutions and wars: the opponents, who could represent the other point of view, 
happen to be killed in the battles or concentration camps.

There is a lot of misinformation about war. Usually, each leader of each country tries to represent his country as a victim, and blame all the guilt to the enemy, so, in the propaganda, the enemy appears as aggressor. This makes difficult analysis of wars. So, the Humans cannot take any lessons from the previous wars and fall in the new and new wars; again and again. Each time, the soldier believe (or pretend to believe) that they are fighting for the freedom, and that this war will be last, at least for their people. Not so often they have reason for such a such a believe. 

Wars appear as regulator of the human xenophobia, as natural limit of despotism.
The king, dictator, usurper spends the most of goods, produced in his country, for his guards and for object of luxury, instead of promoting science and prudence in bis country. This tradition can be traced through many kiloyears of the human history.

The growth of corruption stops the development of the country, and it collapse, loses its sovereignty. Either the workers and farmers leave from the country, or they rise a riot, or the offees, feudals make a plot, lill the dictator and divide country between themselves, or foreign countries invite and annex the territory of the barbarian country, piece by piece.

Some offees (even some dictators) understand this, and try to promote some science, in order to keep their ruling at least during some tens years. The fear of war forces the dictator to maintain some educational, technological and social level of the people. The most important for the safety of the country is, that the citizen have values, that worth to defend. 

Often, the offees promote the concept, that wars happen, because not yet all countries are annexed to the big huge Empery, and remain in barbarian, non-civilized state.
Practically, such a demagogy  is just motivated reasoning, propaganda.
With such a propaganda, the emperor or usurper and his offees switch the attention or the people from crimes of the administration in their country to some external ``enemies''.

With this, we finish the introductory part of this course. In the following lessons we consider examples.
Most of these examples are based on the archeological researches and rare documents that somehow sirvived. That time, there was no network or Federal and National libraries, that could keep the information during long time. 

\section{Timescale}

\baselineskip=16pt
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\vskip -8pt

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{100pt}
\vskip -54pt
\href{http://ateaysublevada.over-blog.es/article-australopithecus-sediba-origen-del-hombre-87212029.html}
{\includegraphics[width=102pt]{lucypaleon2.jpg}}
\begin{center}
\vskip -4pt
$ -3\!\times\!10^6$year
\end{center}
\vskip 4pt

\href{https://www.pinterest.com/pin/505529126906307157/}
{\includegraphics[width=102pt]{b230e20efd1c129c54e247c6c76566d4.jpg}}
\begin{center}
\vskip -4pt
$-2\!\times\!10^6$year
\end{center}
\vskip 4pt

\href{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Turkana_boy_by_Mauricio_Antón.jpg}
{\includegraphics[width=102pt]{Turkana_boy_by_Mauricio_Anton168.jpg}}
\begin{center}
\vskip -4pt
$-10^6$year
\end{center}
\vskip 4pt

\href{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Andrea_Mantegna_-_Crucifixion_-_WGA13973.jpg}{\includegraphics[width=102pt]{Crucifixion-Mantegna.jpg}}
\vskip -4pt
\begin{center}
y.0025
\end{center}
\vskip 4pt

%\begin{picture}(100,162)
%\put(0,-12){\includegraphics[width=112pt]{HomoSapiense1857-2019.jpg}}
%\end{picture}
\href{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Avvakum_by_Pyotr_Yevgenyevich_Myasoyedov.jpg}{\includegraphics[width=102pt]{Avvakum_by_Myasoyedov.jpeg}}
\begin{center}
\vskip -4pt
y.1682
\end{center}
\vskip 4pt

\href{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/File:Anti_soviet_4.jpg}{\includegraphics[width=112pt]{Anti_soviet_4.jpg}}
\begin{center}
\vskip -4pt
y.1985
\vskip -4px
\end{center}
\caption{Epochs \label{australo}}
\end{wrapfigure}

In order to deal with documents and interpret them, it is important to attribute each document some point at the time scale.
Usually, zero at that time scale is placed one year before birthday of Jesus from Nazareth;
he is described in the New Testament of The Bible and canonized in Christian religions.
The precious year is denoted with number -1, and so on.

There is also "historical" scale,  in which 

year 0 is denoted with term "year1 BC",

year -1 is denoted with term ``Year 2 BC'' and so on.

This may cause confuses.
These confuses are not so grave, as the dates of antique history anyway are difficult to estimate precisely.

The archeological and antropological researches indicate, that creation of Human, Homo Salioence was not so easy even for God; traces of several approaches are reported.

The preliminary models of Human (Homo habilis and Homo Erectus are attributed to dime intervals around
one or two megayears ago. The criteria of creation of Human, Homo were
abilities to use instruments, tools and walking on 2 foot, as hands are supposed to be occupied, handking the tools, instruments, weapon.

In such a way, it is believed, that the primary construction of the Human civilization took of order of few megayears. The artistic emulation of view of human (``Australopitecus'') that time is shown in first picture of Fig.
\ref{australo} by \cite{australo}. it refers, roughly, to year $-3\!\times\!10^6$.
% that is fracment from the preview of the commercial artwork \cite{australocomercial}

The Humans at the next picture is called Homo habilis and refers, roughly, to year $-2\!\times\!10^6$.

The third pic shows the reconstruction of Homo erectusm around $-10^6$ years.

Other pics refer to the Homo sapience.

Several kiloyear ago, the Humanity seem to have the stone and wooden instruments,
language and hierarchic societies. Id est, some culture.
Culture is information learner and transmitted from one generation to another through teaching, imitation and similar mean.

Few kiloyear ago, Humans had metallic instruments, language(s) and some ideas about structure of Universe and science.

Since few centuries ago, humans had machines, powerful weapon of mass destruction and computers.
The abuse of instruments and information technologies (propaganda) leaded to mass destruction of food, long and disordered waiting lines (last picture in Fig. \ref{australo}) , famine, cannibalism and xenophobia.

The abuse of weapon, demagogy (motivated reasoning, propaganda) and frauds leaded to wars, including the two horrible World Wars, genocide and then, even more horrible Bigpuf.

This is short view on the history of Tartaria and Humanity.

\chapter{Ancient time}
\baselineskip 15pt
\parskip=4pt

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{180pt}
\vskip -110pt
\href{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ebony_label_with_an_inscription_of_King_Aha._Early_First_Dynasty._About_3100_BC._From_Abydos,_cemetery_B,_tomb_B18,_and_B19.jpg}
{\includegraphics[width=190pt]{Ebony3100bc.jpg}}
\begin{center}
\vskip -8pt
$-3100$y, Mesopotamia
\vskip -2pt
\end{center}
\vskip 3pt

\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peribsen.JPG}
{\includegraphics[width=200pt]{Peribsen.JPG}}
\begin{center}
\vskip -8pt
$-2700$y, Ancient Egypt
\vskip 3pt
\end{center}

\href{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CodexPages6_8.jpg}
{\includegraphics[width=190pt]{CodexPages6_8small.jpg}}
\begin{center}
\vskip -8pt
$-300$y, Maya
\end{center}

\vskip -6pt
\caption{Ancient scripts}
\vskip -48pt
\end{wrapfigure}

Creation of biological humankind seem to take several megayears.
It can be considered as an analogy of the hardware.

Then,  creation of the Human civilization took several kiloyears, and it spread over all continents.
It corresponds to the time interval since  -40 kiloyears to -3 kiloyear.
It can be considered as creation of some kind of operational system for that hardware;
This and it seems to be at least two orders of magnitude faster.

Then, in time interval since -3 kiloyear to zero, generation of the Human culture takes place.
It refers to creation of written language, monetary system, jurisprudence and fundamentals of mathematics, physics, astronomy, philology, medicine.

After a megayear since creation of Homo erectus, the traces of humankind are left in many continents.
Archeologists attributed the first artifacts to the interval from -40 to -20 kiloyears.

The first scriptures (Mesopotamia and Ancient Egipt) are attributed to interval -3.5 : -3 kiloyear \cite{minus3k}.
The accurate dating is difficult due to the practice of making false historical records,
created to support a certain geopolitical concept used as an excuse, as a pretext for all types of aggression.

Genetic similarity of different races (sexual compatibility of partners of different races)
can be interpreted as an argument in favor of the hypothesis,
that all Humanity came from one pair (Adam and Eve).

On the other hand, differences in human races can be interpreted as evidence
that many models of Man were created, and only a few of them turned out to be capable of self-reproduction.

Since century 22, there are some modern attempts to reconstruct migration of Humans that time.
However, the commercial interests seem to prevail over the scientific accuracy.

Human activities, possibly the widespread use of forest fires, can lead to a decrease in the Earth's albedo and the melting of glaciers, which are believed to have covered much of the planet at the time.
The melting of continental ice has led to an increase in the level of the World Ocean;
Eurasia was isolated from America by the Bering Strait,
and many peninsulas were isolated from the continents, became islands.

The isolation of Human civilizations favoures to purification of different Races, mentioned in the introduction.
The morphologic difference of construction of Human bodies happened to be accompanied with cultural differences:
different languages, different ethical norms, different religions.

Since -3 kiloyears, the Human cultures with written languages (mainly pictography and then kanji) are believed to exist in Egipt (atount river Nile), at Central America, at India, China and Japan.
That time coordinate can be considered as beginning of extensive generation of the Human culture.

\section{Generation of culture}
\baselineskip=16pt
\parskip=8pt

\begin{figure}[t]
\vskip -16pt
\href{https://www.preceden.com/timelines/325732-history-of-mathematics}
{\includegraphics{Egypt07firstspan-articlelarge.jpg}}
\vskip -16pt
\caption{One of first mathematical text survived: Egypt,  2000-1800bc}
\vskip -8pt
\end{figure}

\baselineskip 15pt
\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{108pt}
\vskip -64px
\href{https://www.archaeology.org/issues/213-1605/features/4366-cuneiform-laws}
{\includegraphics[width=118pt]{Cuneiform-susa-hammurabi-stela.jpg}}
\vskip -16px
\caption{Code by Hammurabi,  1750bc}
\vskip -62px
\end{wrapfigure}

Mechanisms of generation of culture seem to be same at all continents.
Technologies, developed for the military needs, find applications in the civil activities:
agriculture, manufactures.
Stones, bones and wood technology were gradually replaced with metal.

Division of labor caused need in exchange, generating the custom of use of some equivalent, money.
Financial calculus boosted development of arithmetics.

Self-defence of a tribe requires certain organization. 
%Head of the organization gets the superior power in the tribe.
The special class appear, offees. 
In various epochs, in various languages, the offees have different names,
but their function is the same: organize labour and defence, and distribute goods.
Gradually, the offees get the superior power, and become rich compared to compatriots.
The top offee – king, emperor - combined functions of creation of rules,
the applications and execution of those who do not follow these rules.

Maintenance of offees implies taxation of population.
For taxation, the offees calculate the areas of field, to estimate, 
how much can they get from each farmer.
This boosts development of geometry.

Protection of labour needs the concept of property; including ownership of the cattle and
ownership of the land. Such ownership needs to be written.

Handling of conflicts require a lot of attention of the top offee.
In order to simplify the consideration of cases, the top offees nominated the judges and formulated the rules,
laws, that the judges should follow.
This leads to jurisprudence.

\section{Achievements}
\baselineskip 15pt
\parskip 5pt
\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{118px}
\vskip -64pt
\includegraphics[width=122pt]{D05256fire.jpg}
\vskip -5pt
Fire, $-2\!\times\!10^6$ y.
\vskip 4pt

\href{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roue_primitive.png}
{\includegraphics[width=121pt]{Roue_primitive228.png}}
\vskip -6pt
Wheel, $-6000$y
\vskip 4pt

\href{https://live.jewishexpert.com/ancient-writings}
{\includegraphics[width=122pt]{Exo_writings_1.jpg}}
\vskip -6pt
Writing, $-3000$y

\href{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem3.PNG}
{\includegraphics[width=120pt]{Pythagorean3.PNG}}
\vskip -11pt
Pythagoras, %Theorem, 
$-400$y
\vskip 4pt

\href{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Irrigation_Pump_in_Egypt_-_1950%27s_(1).tif}
{\includegraphics[width=122pt]{Irri.jpg}}
\vskip -7pt
Archimedes screw %$200$y
\vskip 6pt

\href{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eratosthenes_%26_measurement_of_the_Earth.png}
{\includegraphics[width=124pt]{EratosthenesEarth.png}}
\vskip -6pt
Earth Size, $-200$y
\vskip -4pt

\caption{Ancients}
\vskip -220px
\end{wrapfigure}

\vskip -8pt
Since the written languages had been generated, more information about generation of culture can be collected. On the base of historic documents,  the approximate chronology of the most important achievement of the Human civilizations can be constructed:

$-2\!\times\!10^6$ year: fire, clothes (animal skin)

$- 30$ kiloyear: Weaving, Textile, Footwear

$- 10$ kiloyear: Dusciovery (and use) of metals

6000 BC , wheels %; perhaps, invented and reinvented many times in various countries.

5000 BC, State-mainteined roads (Egypt); money

4000 BC, Pottery, ceramics, concrete.

3000 BC, written language.

1800 BC. Babylonian mathematical tablet (system of writing based on number 60)
Concepts of counting, measuring, functions.

1800 BC – 1649 BC "Belin papirus" (examples in math)

776 BC Olympic Games as international events.

757 bc Homer Poetry.

570 - 495 BC, Pythagoras. Concept of proof.

590–561 Bc, 507–413 bc, Concept of democracy, Athenian republic. 

509 BC - 27bc, Roman republic (collapsed into the Roman empire)

460 - 370 BC, Democritus: 
%, Greek: Δημόκριτος, Dēmókritos, meaning "chosen of the people"; 
concept pf atoms.

460 - 370 BC Hippocrates of Kos
% (/hɪˈpɒkrətiːz/; Greek: Ἱπποκράτης ὁ Κῷος, translit. Hippokrátēs ho Kôios; 
Creation of medicine;  surgery.

424/423 – 348/347 BC Plato 
%Greek: Πλάτων Plátōn, 

384–322 BC: Aristotle:
%(/ærɪˈstɒtəl/;[4] Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs, pronounced [aristotélɛːs]; 
%Prior Analytics http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/prior.mb.txt
Concept or logic.

312 BC, State-supported water supply.

300 BC Euclid, Systematization of math, concept of postulate, axiom.

287 - 212 BC Archimedes.. Approaches to number $\pi$. Statical mechanics.% Law or  Archimedes

285-246BC, creation of the Alexandria Library.

276 - 185 BC, Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Estimate of radius of Earth.\\
Analogous arithmometer,
%(evaluation of square, cube, square root and cubic root); 
chronology, geodesy and cartography.

229 BC, Creation of Pergamum library.

190 - 120 BC. Hipparchus of Nicaea:
%(/hɪˈpɑːrkəs/; Greek: Ἵππαρχος, Hipparkhos; c. 190 – c. 120 BC)
Trigonometry, astronomy.

000 Jesus from Nazareth. Separation of concepts ``God'' and ``Church''.

129 - 216, Galen.
%Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus
%[2] (Greek: Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 – c. 216 CE), often Anglicized as Galen (/ˈɡeɪlən/) or Galen of Pergamon
Anatomy. 
%Analysis of functions of Human organs. 
Discovery of nerves.

100 — 170 Claudius Ptolemy. % Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Claudius Ptolemaeus
Successful astronomic model.

Since collapse of the Roman Republic  (y. -27) and spreading of Chrisitanity (y. 100 - 200), development of cilicilasation in Europe slows down. 
%Scientist Archimedes had been killed.
%For many centuries, the Research and Science happened to be replaced, substituted by the religion.
\newpage
\section{Religions}
\parskip=6pt
\baselineskip=15pt

\vskip -8pt
\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{260pt}
\vskip -64px
\includegraphics[width=274pt]{ReligionMasiania.jpg}
\vskip -12px
\caption{During kiloyears, religions remain}
\vskip -12px
\end{wrapfigure}

Development of science and technology of the Human civilization is accompanied by development of religions. Religions are so old, as the civilization.

Organizing a society requires obedience.
Often, the offees are not physically stronger, than their servants;
sometimes, the offees are not more honest, than other people, nor smarter in sciences.

The key question is the source of the obedience.
In order to make the society stable, the people should believe, that 
the top offee is sent by God, or that he is son of God, or that he is God by himself.

Such a believe, not supported with observations, nor with deduction, is religion.
In such a case, the religions appear as base; on this base the society and the state can be built-up.

In history, no societies without religions are known.
There are observed several attempts to bulid-up a society without religion, but these attempt had finished in the similar ways:// 
1. The society continues as band of pirates, and being unable to produce goods, collapses.//
2. The society quickly elaborate a surrogate of a religion, a new religion; usually it is much more cruel, absurd and bloody, than all previous religions.

The ancient religions were not so efficient. The harder are laws that force the people to follow this religion,  
the faster that religion degrade to absurd, having no feedback from the real life. Then it destroys the society, leads to collapse of the state, and new states are built-up on the released space.

Most of the ancient religions do not consider the Human life as anything that has value by itself.
The value of life had been considered as interest of the top offee, who needs soldiers, farmers, workers, engineers, scientists in order to provide his comfort and stability.

The Mexican pre-European societies user to sacrifice humans daily; sometimes several at once, 
in order to satisfy God of Sun; in that religion(s), the mass murder, even genocide, had not been considered as anything bad, immoral.

The ancient Egyptian Pharaohs used to regulate population killing small children.

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{130pt}
\vskip -20pt
\href{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JoanChromolithograph.jpg}
{\includegraphics[width=134pt]{JoanChromolithograph.jpg}}
\vskip -9pt
\caption{Execution of adept of the same religion}
\end{wrapfigure}

Similar tradition seem to be popular at Papua New Guinea, and lasted at least until the Russian researcher Mickuho Maklay had visited that area. The customs of papuans were so choked for the Russian and the European establishment, that the original or his research had been destroyed, and the retells from it had been heavily censored, making pervert impression about tribes at Papua New Guinea.

Since that time, during several kiloyears, the popular religions did not change much. The main idea of most of religions remains the same: our believe is true; adepts of other religions are wrong, and, for sake of God (and justification of any bad action with respect to representatives of other religions).

Often, religions not only allow, but prescribe the sadism and murdering of other Humans;
sometimes, even adepts of the same religion.
This tradition also continues since ancient time to century 22.

\newpage
\section{Murdering and frauds}
\baselineskip=16pt
\parskip=8pt

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{218pt}
\vskip -68pt
\href{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Codex_Magliabechiano_(141_cropped).jpg}
{\includegraphics[width=240pt]{CodexMagliabechiano141.jpg}}
\vskip -8pt
Human sacrifice, Maya
\vskip 8pt

\href{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Debat-Ponsan-matin-Louvre.jpg}
{\includegraphics[width=224pt]{DebatMatinLouvre.jpg}}
\vskip -6pt
Mass murdering, France, 1572 
\vskip 8pt

\href{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:El_fusilamiento_1869.jpg}
{\includegraphics[width=224pt]{ElFusilamiento1869.jpg}}
\vskip -6pt
Execution, Europe, 1869
\vskip 8pt

\href{https://www.rostov.kp.ru/daily/26388/3266591/}
{\includegraphics[width=224pt]{wr-960.jpg}}
\vskip -6pt
Mass murder, USSR, 1962

\caption{Human murder as custom}
\vskip -80pt
\end{wrapfigure}

Develpment of Science, Technology and Religions has sad background. 
During all the history of the Human civilization, the humans kill humans.
At the beginning of Ancient epoch, usually, the humans have sufficient food,
to have need to kill and eat other humans, but murdering continues; in particular, the mass murdering.
In this sense, all the epochs look similar.

At the Ancient time, religions approve, and even prescribe the human sacrifices, mass murder.
The kings of Maya tribes did not even try to hide the mass murder; contrary, those muderings
had been performed at public, without any secrecy, typical for  example, for century 21.
The Egyptean pharaohs did not try to hide murdering of innocent children. 
Even king Herod (already year 0 ac) did not try to hide his order about killing of small boys.
 
 Violence and murdering appear as important art of religious performance.
 On the language of century 22, the justification of human sacrifices is qualified as fraud:
 the bishops did not have evidences that could justify their concept.
  
 The frauds by offees has many forms, with the same main goal:
 to keep as forever (or, at least, as long as possible) the superior power of offees, switching any
 discontent, anger of the people to some external enemies. This appears as justification of wars, 
 aggression against both, other countries and internal dissidents.  Any critics of the top offees,
 even doubts in their relation with God, appear as sufficient reason for heavy (perhaps, capital) punishment.
 
Religious concepts and fraud as instruments of handling the people remain during many kiloyears,
slightly changing their forms, adjusting for the needs of offees.
In our languages, the most of achievements of ancient rulers would be qualified as crime.
Perhaps, it is normal way of evolution of any civilization; the norm of morals, the laws and 
the perception of events change with time.

Not only owning of slaves had been justified but the religion, but even the seising of new slaves at the invasion to other countries. 

The most of civilizations are build as monarchies, with absolute power of the top offee, king, tzar. However, there are exceptions. They are considered in the next lesson.

\newpage
\section{Ancient democracies}

At the background of monarchies and  autocracy oг the most of Ancient (since year $-10^5$ to zero ) societies, there are two examples of democracy.

\titlespacing{\chapter}{9pt}{-30pt}{-4pt}  
\begin{thebibliography}{19}
\small
\baselineskip 8pt
\parskip 5pt
\vskip 1pt

\bibitem{australopitecus}
\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus}
Australopithecus .. is a genus of early hominins that existed in Africa during the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. The genera Homo (which includes modern humans), Paranthropus, and Kenyanthropus evolved from Australopithecus. Australopithecus is a member of the subtribe Australopithecina,.. which also includes Ardipithecus,.. though the term "australopithecine" is sometimes used to refer only to members of Australopithecus. Species include A. garhi, A. africanus, A. sediba, A. afarensis, A. anamensis, A. bahrelghazali and A. deyiremeda. Debate exists as to whether some Australopithecus species should be reclassified into new genera, or if Paranthropus and Kenyanthropus are synonymous with Australopithecus, in part because of the taxonomic inconsistency..//
The earliest known member of the genus, A. anamensis, existed in eastern Africa around 4.2 million years ago. Australopithecus fossils become more widely dispersed throughout eastern and southern Africa

\bibitem{australo}
\url{http://ateaysublevada.over-blog.es/article-australopithecus-sediba-origen-del-hombre-87212029.html}
Australopithecus sediba ¿origen del hombre?
Publicado en 25 octubre 2011 por Ivonne Leites. - Atea y sublevada.
%\bibitem{australocommercial}
%\url{https://pixels.com/featured/australopithecus-afarensis-artwork-science-photo-library.html}
%Australopithecus afarensis, artworkAustralopithecus afarensis, artwork. This hominin lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago in what is now eastern Africa. It is thought that A. afarensis may have given rise to several lineages of early human. Compared to the modern human skull, A. afarensis had a forward protruding (prognathic) face and held a smaller brain. They walked upright, although they retained the ability to climb trees. Science Photo Library by Science Photo Library, Uploaded March 6th, 2014

\bibitem{neandertal}
\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertal_(valley)}
The Neandertal.. sometimes called "the Neander Valley" in English) is a small valley of the river D\"ussel in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, located about 12 km (7.5 mi) east of Düsseldorf, the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia. The valley lies within the limits of the towns of Erkrath and Mettmann. In August, 1856, the area became famous for the discovery of Neanderthal 1, one of the first specimens of Homo neanderthalensis to be found.

\bibitem{cromagnon}
\url{https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abri_de_Cro-Magnon}
L'abri de Cro-Magnon est un site préhistorique français situé dans l'ancienne commune des Eyzies-de-Tayac (commune nouvelle des Eyzies), dans le département de la Dordogne, à quelques centaines de mètres de la gare des Eyzies. Outre des sépultures, ce site éponyme de l'Homme de Cro-Magnon a livré des outils en silex et des éléments de parure attribués à l'Aurignacien ou au Gravettien. ..

\bibitem{minus3k}
\url{https://www.omniglot.com/writing/egyptian.htm#origins}
Ancient Egyptian scripts.
//
Origins of Egyptian Hieroglyphs
The ancient Egyptians believed that writing was invented by the god Thoth and called their hieroglyphic script "mdju netjer" ("words of the gods"). The word hieroglyph comes from the Greek hieros (sacred) plus glypho (inscriptions) and was first used by Clement of Alexandria.
//
The earliest known examples of writing in Egypt have been dated to 3,400 BC. The latest dated inscription in hieroglyphs was made on the gate post of a temple at Philae in 396 AD.
..
(2021)

\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}

%\bibitem{australocommercial}
%\url{https://pixels.com/featured/australopithecus-afarensis-artwork-science-photo-library.html}
%Australopithecus afarensis, artworkAustralopithecus afarensis, artwork. This hominin lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago in what is now eastern Africa. It is thought that A. afarensis may have given rise to several lineages of early human. Compared to the modern human skull, A. afarensis had a forward protruding (prognathic) face and held a smaller brain. They walked upright, although they retained the ability to climb trees. Science Photo Library by Science Photo Library, Uploaded March 6th, 2014

\end{document}

\section{ Mathematics and other sciences}

We need to indicate place of mathematic among other sciences.
The concept is called ``scientific'', if it all the 6 properties below:

{\bf 1. Applicability:} The concept has limited range of validity, distinguishable from Empty Set.

{\bf 2. Verifiability:} In the terms of the already accepted concepts, some specific experiment with some specific result, that confirms the concept, can be described.

{\bf 3. Refutability:} In the terms of the concept, some specific experiment with some specific result, that negates the concept, can be described.

{\bf 4. Self-consistency:} No internal contradictions of the concept are known.

{\bf 5. Principle of correspondence:} If the range of validity of a new concept overlaps the range of validity of another, already accepted concept, then, the new concept either reproduces the results of the old concept, or indicates the way to refute it. (For example, the estimate of the range of validity of the old concept may be wrong.)

{\bf 6. Pluralism:} Mutually-contradicting concepts coexist; if two concepts, satisfying the 1-5 above, have some common range of validity, then, in this range, the simplest of them has priority.

In such a way, Mathematics is not an exception; it is considered as science, as all other sciences.
In the similar way, as in equation \ref{ao} number 2 is used to increase contribution to cifras to the resulting number,


..

%\titlespacing{\chapter}{9pt}{-20pt}{-10pt}  
\titlespacing{\chapter}{9pt}{-30pt}{-4pt}  
\begin{thebibliography}{19}
\small
\baselineskip 8pt
\parskip 5pt
\vskip 1pt

\bibitem{beklemishev}
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/Female_logic}
Dmitri Beklemishev. Female logic. Translation from Russian, 2013.

\bibitem{book}
\url{https://www.morebooks.de/store/gb/book/superfunctions/isbn/978-620-2-67286-3}\\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/BOOK/468.pdf} Dmitrii Kouznetsov. Superfunctions. Lambert Academic Publishing, 2020, page 298.

\bibitem{barber}
\url{https://plus.maths.org/content/os/issue20/xfile/index}
Mathematical mysteries: The Barber's Paradox
Helen Joyce, Submitted by plusadmin on May 1, 2002. A close shave for set theory//
Suppose you walk past a barber's shop one day, and see a sign that says//
"Do you shave yourself? If not, come in and I'll shave you! I shave anyone who does not shave himself, and noone else."

\bibitem{snark}
\url{https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43909/the-hunting-of-the-snark} \\
\url{https://archive.org/details/huntingofsnarkag00carrrich/page/14/mode/2up}\\
The Hunting of the SnarkBy Lewis Carroll. Fit the First// The Landing //
"Just the place for a Snark!" the Bellman cried,//
As he landed his crew with care;//
Supporting each man on the top of the tide//
By a finger entwined in his hair. ..//
..//
"Leave him here to his fate—it is getting so late!"//
The Bellman exclaimed in a fright.//
"We have lost half the day. Any further delay,//
And we sha'n't catch a Snark before night!" ..

\bibitem{godwrong} 
\url{https://www.bibliatodo.com/En/christian-reflections/god-never-wrong/}
God is never wrong. April 23, 2019
2 Samuel 22:31. “”As for God, his way is perfect: The LORD’s word is flawless; he shields all who take refuge in him. //
A king didn’t believe in GOD’S kindness. He had a male servant who, under all circumstances always said to him: “My king, do not be discouraged because everything God does is perfect, and He makes no mistakes.”

\bibitem{StalinD} 
\url{https://deathofstalin.co.uk/}
\url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukJ5dMYx2no}
THE DEATH OF STALIN - OFFICIAL TRAILER. Aug 11, 2017
eOne UK
The internal political landscape of 1950’s Soviet Russia takes on darkly comic form in a new film by Emmy award-winning and Oscar-nominated writer/director Armando Iannucci. // 
In the days following Stalin’s collapse, his core team of ministers tussle for control; some want positive change in the Soviet Union, others have more sinister motives. Their one common trait? They’re all just desperately trying to remain alive. //
A film that combines comedy, drama, pathos and political manoeuvring, The Death of Stalin  is a Quad and Main Journey production, directed by Armando Iannucci, and produced by Yann Zenou, Kevin Loader, Nicolas Duval Assakovsky, and Laurent Zeitoun. The script is written by Iannucci, David Schneider and Ian Martin, with additional material by Peter Fellows.

\bibitem{vodka} 
Here, "vodka" is used as verb, that means to drink vodka as noun.
Personage {\em Karlsson på taket} by  Astrid Lindgren
asks similar question to Fröken Hildur Bock:
Have you stopped drinking cognac in the mornings?\\
\url{https://itexts.net/avtor-astrid-lindgren/338456-karlsson-p-taket-astrid-lindgren/read/page-15.html} \\
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/LindgrenA.Karlsson#5_Karlsson_idkar_bull-_och_pl.C3.A4tt-tirritering.}
 "Karlsson på taket" by Astrid Lindgren, 2021.
..
”Hör du, har din mamma sagt att vi ska ha den där otäcka pojken i maten? Är det verkligen meningen att han ska äta här?”
Lillebror började stamma som vanligt.
”Mamma tycker i alla fall …att Karlsson …”
”Svara ja eller nej”, sa fröken Bock, ”har din mamma sagt att Karlsson ska ha mat här?”
”Hon vill i alla fall att han …”, försökte Lillebror, men fröken Bock klippte av med sin mest stenhårda röst:
”Svara ja eller nej har jag sagt! Det kan väl inte vara så svårt att svara ja eller nej på en enkel fråga!”
”Säjer du, ja”, högg Karlsson in. ”Jag ska ge dej en enkel fråga, så får du se själv. Hör på! Har du slutat dricka konjak på förmiddagarna, ja eller nej!”
Fröken Bock flämtade till och höll visst på att storkna. Hon ville säga något men hon kunde inte.
”Nå, hur är det nu”, sa Karlsson. ”Har du slutat dricka konjak på förmiddagarna?”
”Ja då, det har hon”, sa Lillebror ivrigt. Han ville verkligen hjälpa fröken Bock, men hon blev alldeles vild.
” Det har jag väl visst inte”, skrek hon ursinnigt och Lillebror blev livrädd.
”Nej, nej, hon har inte slutat”, försäkrade han.
”Det var tråkigt att höra”, sa Karlsson. ”Dryckenskap ställer till mycket elände.”
Då gurglade det till i fröken Bock och hon sjönk ner på en stol. Men Lillebror hade äntligen kommit på det rätta svaret.
”Hon har inte slutat, för hon har aldrig börjat, förstår du väl”, sa han förebrående till Karlsson.
..
 
\bibitem{place} 
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/PAPERS/2020insights.pdf}
\url{http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/265}
Dmitrii Kouznetsov. Place of Science in the Human Knowledge. New Insights into Physical Science, Vol. 6, Chapter 8, year 2020, pages 135-161. 

\bibitem{papyrus}
\url{https://papyrus-net.livejournal.com/483360.html}
papyrus\_net (papyrus\_net) wrote,
2013-07-23 14:55:00
Category: Юмор
Культурный отдых

\bibitem{pchelko}
\url{http://www.sovschool.com/web/index.php?r=site%2Flesson&id=2&book=226&step=1&page=32}
Арифметика для 1 класса начальной школы.: Пчёлко А.С., Поляк Г.Б. Чтение книги.
Арифметика для 1 класса начальной школы.
Пчёлко А.С., Поляк Г.Б.
p.32
Издание пятое. Москва: "Учпедгиз", 1959

\bibitem{heidi}
\url{https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php/HeidiR}
This fairy tale retells in Russian the novel Heidi by Johanna Spyri (1889). The remake is loaded in 2021.

\bibitem{protest}
\url{https://solidarnost-lj.livejournal.com/2415390.html}
videocontroler. Сбылось предсказание Оруэлла из 1984// Людей задерживают за лицепреступление (не радовались победе).
22 мая, 2012.

\bibitem{goat10}
\url{http://booksandumbrellas.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-goat-that-learned-to-count-by-kay.html}
Kay Ware and Lucille Sutherland and Alf Proysen. The Goat That Learned To Count. Illustrated by Björn Berg. Thursday, March 31, 2016. 
(The model is used, that assumes, that all animals have similar mass.)

\bibitem{sortawala}
\url{https://vestikarelii.ru/news/3736/}
Города и поселки Карелии на грани замерзания. 12:00, 28 Января 2010.
Депутаты ЗС РК обвинили карельское правительство в бездействии.
На заседании карельского парламента 28 января депутаты ЗС РК обвинили карельское правительство в бездействии, благодаря которому десятки тысяч жителей республики мерзнут в своих квартирах, Вице-премьер карельского правительства Александр Колесов, выделив на карте республики четыре главные зоны холода – Соломенное, Сортавалу, Лахденпохья и Надвоицы, с самого начала отгородился от проблемы, заметив, что отопление – прерогатива сугубо органов местного самоуправления. ..

\bibitem{ColdThermometer}
\url{https://ru.123rf.com/photo_132347744_cold-thermometer.html}
sashkin7. Cold thermometer ID изображения : 132347744 Тип носителя. (2021)

\bibitem{macdonald}
\url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpnUYVezBVw}
Old MacDonald Had a Farm • Nursery Rhymes Song with Lyrics • Animated Cartoon for Kids.
•Jul 8, 2014. Kids' Songs, from BusSongs.com

\bibitem{nevod}
\url{https://www.astromeridian.ru/sonnik/2/622.html}
К чему снится Невод. (2021).
.. © 2006–2021 Сетевой журнал AstroMeridian.ru Главный редактор и учредитель - Муравьева Л.В. %Адрес редакции: 355018, Россия, г. Ставрополь, пр-д Черноморский, д. 29, оф.1 Телефон редакции: +7 928 827-76-37 Электронная почта редакции: admin@astromeridian.ru Свидетельство о регистрации СМИ ЭЛ № ФС 77 - 75795 от 23.05.2019 выдано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций. ..

\bibitem{fusta}
\url{https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fusta_by_Jan_Huygen_van_Linschoten.jpg}
Fusta with Portuguese pavilion in a hand-colored engraving from Jan Huygen Linschoten's Itinerario,
1596.

\bibitem{TeacherFarmer}
\url{https://www.culture.ru/materials/253594/k-doske-sudari}
«Арифметика» Леонтия Магницкого (1703) ..
Задача: «Спросил некто учителя: поведай мне, сколько учеников у тебя в училище, так как хочу отдать к тебе в учение своего сына и уведать о числе учеников твоих. Учитель ответил: если придет еще учеников столько же, сколько имею, и пол столько и четвертая часть и твой сын, тогда будет у меня в учении 100. Спрашивается, сколько было у учителя учеников? Вопросивый же удивился ответу, и начал изобретать.
Ответ: 36 учеников». (apparently, the there are mistakes in the source)

\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}   

\newpage
test
\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{200pt}
%\begin{picture}(320,179)
\begin{picture}(200,110)
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=200pt]{Debat-Ponsan-matin-Louvre306.jpg}}
\end{picture}
\caption{Christians killed Christians}
%\vskip 400pt
\end{wrapfigure}
continue

\section{More approximations}

Pupils are supposed to found or invent more cases, when the  

{\bf Excersice.}
The Christian religions, in practice, promote idea of violence and murder.
1572.08.18, in France, representatives of one branch of Christians, "Catholic", used to 
kill the representatives of another branch, French Calvinist Protestants ("Huguenots").
Optimists estimate, that Catholics used to kill of order of  5,000 Huguenots.
Pessimists estimate, the  Catholics used to kill of order of to 30,000 Huguenots.
How may Christians were killed in pessimistic estimate per 
each Christian killed in the optimistic estimate?

Solution: 30000/5000=6.

In the pessimistic estimate, the Christians are 6 times more bloody, than in the optimistic estimate.


