Difference between revisions of "Parabolic coordinates"

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m (Text replacement - "\$([^\$]+)\$" to "\\(\1\\)")
 
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</ref>
  
</ref>
   
−
In the simplest form, relation of parabolic coordinates $u,v$ with Cartesian coordinates $\rho, z$ can be expressed with the following relation:
 +
In the simplest form, relation of parabolic coordinates \(u,v\) with Cartesian coordinates \(\rho, z\) can be expressed with the following relation:
   
−
$\displaystyle \rho=\sqrt{uv}$
 +
\(\displaystyle \rho=\sqrt{uv}\)
   
−
$\displaystyle z=\frac{u\!-\!v}{2}$
 +
\(\displaystyle z=\frac{u\!-\!v}{2}\)
   
−
The straightforward generalisation to the three-dimensional case , with cartesian coordinates $x,y,z$
 +
The straightforward generalisation to the three-dimensional case , with cartesian coordinates \(x,y,z\)
 
can be expressed with relation
  
can be expressed with relation
   
−
$\displaystyle x=\rho \cos(\phi)$
 +
\(\displaystyle x=\rho \cos(\phi)\)
   
−
$\displaystyle y=\rho \sin(\phi)$
 +
\(\displaystyle y=\rho \sin(\phi)\)
   
−
where $\phi$ is additional, third coordinate. Then $u,v,\phi$ are interpreted as parabolic coordinates.
 +
where \(\phi\) is additional, third coordinate. Then \(u,v,\phi\) are interpreted as parabolic coordinates.
   
 
==Laplacian==
  
==Laplacian==
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Laplacian in parabolic coordinates can be written as follows:
  
Laplacian in parabolic coordinates can be written as follows:
   
−
$\displaystyle \nabla^2= \Delta =
 +
\(\displaystyle \nabla^2= \Delta =
 
\frac{4}{u+v}
  
\frac{4}{u+v}
 
\Big(
  
\Big(
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+
  
+
 
\frac{1}{uv} \partial_\phi^{\,2}
  
\frac{1}{uv} \partial_\phi^{\,2}
  +
\)
−
$
  
   
 
This can be verified, transforming the operator in the cylindrical coordinates,
 
This can be verified, transforming the operator in the cylindrical coordinates,
   
−
$\displaystyle \nabla^2= \frac{1}{r} \partial_r r \partial_r + \partial_z^2 + \frac{1}{r^2}\partial_\phi^2$
 +
\(\displaystyle \nabla^2= \frac{1}{r} \partial_r r \partial_r + \partial_z^2 + \frac{1}{r^2}\partial_\phi^2\)
   
 
The calculus can be done with the [[Mathematica]] code below:
  
The calculus can be done with the [[Mathematica]] code below:
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that does
  
that does
   
−
$\frac{4 \left(F^{(0,1)}(u,v)+v F^{(0,2)}(u,v)+F^{(1,0)}(u,v)+u
 +
\(\frac{4 \left(F^{(0,1)}(u,v)+v F^{(0,2)}(u,v)+F^{(1,0)}(u,v)+u
−
F^{(2,0)}(u,v)\right)}{u+v}$
 +
F^{(2,0)}(u,v)\right)}{u+v}\)
   
 
==Notations==
  
==Notations==
   
−
Some sites use different notations; $u^2$ and $v^2$ are treated as [[parabolic coordinates]] $u$ and $v$; and such a notation seems to be more usual
 +
Some sites use different notations; \(u^2\) and \(v^2\) are treated as [[parabolic coordinates]] \(u\) and \(v\); and such a notation seems to be more usual
 
<ref>http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ParabolicCoordinates.html</ref>
  
<ref>http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ParabolicCoordinates.html</ref>
 
<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_coordinates</ref>.
  
<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_coordinates</ref>.
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In the application for atomic physics, the important is coordinate
  
In the application for atomic physics, the important is coordinate
   
−
$\displaystyle r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}$
 +
\(\displaystyle r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}\)
   
 
In parabolic coordinates, it can be expressed as follows:
  
In parabolic coordinates, it can be expressed as follows:
   
−
$\displaystyle r=\sqrt{\rho^2+z^2}=\sqrt{\big(\sqrt{uv}\big)^2+\frac{1}{4}(u\!-\!v)^2}=\frac{1}{2}u +\frac{1}{2}v$
 +
\(\displaystyle r=\sqrt{\rho^2+z^2}=\sqrt{\big(\sqrt{uv}\big)^2+\frac{1}{4}(u\!-\!v)^2}=\frac{1}{2}u +\frac{1}{2}v\)
   
−
It is assumed, that $u\!>\!0$ and $v\!>\!0$.
 +
It is assumed, that \(u\!>\!0\) and \(v\!>\!0\).
   
 
==Hydrogen atom==
  
==Hydrogen atom==
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In the dimensionless variables, the [[Stationary Schroedinger equation]] can be written as follows:
  
In the dimensionless variables, the [[Stationary Schroedinger equation]] can be written as follows:
   
−
$\displaystyle
 +
\(\displaystyle
 
- \Delta \psi - \frac{2}{r} \psi = \mathcal E \psi
  
- \Delta \psi - \frac{2}{r} \psi = \mathcal E \psi
  +
\)
−
$
  
   
 
The scale of physical coordinates is determined by the [[Bohr radius]]
 
The scale of physical coordinates is determined by the [[Bohr radius]]
   
−
$\displaystyle
 +
\(\displaystyle
 
\mathrm{BohrRadius}=\frac{\hbar^2}{e^2 M}\approx 5.2917720859 \times 10^{-11}\, \mathrm{Meter}
  
\mathrm{BohrRadius}=\frac{\hbar^2}{e^2 M}\approx 5.2917720859 \times 10^{-11}\, \mathrm{Meter}
  +
\)
−
$
  
   
 
and the scale of physical energy is determined by the [[Bohr energy]]
  
and the scale of physical energy is determined by the [[Bohr energy]]
   
−
$\displaystyle
 +
\(\displaystyle
−
\mathrm{BohrEnedry}=\frac{e^4 M}{2\hbar^2}\approx 2.17987197 \times 10^{-18}\, \mathrm{Joule}$
 +
\mathrm{BohrEnedry}=\frac{e^4 M}{2\hbar^2}\approx 2.17987197 \times 10^{-18}\, \mathrm{Joule}\)
   
 
In parabolic coordinates, the [[Stationary Schroedinger equation]] appears as follows:
  
In parabolic coordinates, the [[Stationary Schroedinger equation]] appears as follows:

Latest revision as of 18:43, 30 July 2019

Parabolic coordinates allow separation of variables in the Schroedinger equation for the hydrogen atom. [1]

In the simplest form, relation of parabolic coordinates \(u,v\) with Cartesian coordinates \(\rho, z\) can be expressed with the following relation:

\(\displaystyle \rho=\sqrt{uv}\)

\(\displaystyle z=\frac{u\!-\!v}{2}\)

The straightforward generalisation to the three-dimensional case , with cartesian coordinates \(x,y,z\) can be expressed with relation

\(\displaystyle x=\rho \cos(\phi)\)

\(\displaystyle y=\rho \sin(\phi)\)

where \(\phi\) is additional, third coordinate. Then \(u,v,\phi\) are interpreted as parabolic coordinates.

Laplacian

Laplacian in parabolic coordinates can be written as follows:

\(\displaystyle \nabla^2= \Delta = \frac{4}{u+v} \Big( \partial_u u \partial_u + \partial_v v \partial_v \Big) + \frac{1}{uv} \partial_\phi^{\,2} \)

This can be verified, transforming the operator in the cylindrical coordinates,

\(\displaystyle \nabla^2= \frac{1}{r} \partial_r r \partial_r + \partial_z^2 + \frac{1}{r^2}\partial_\phi^2\)

The calculus can be done with the Mathematica code below:

Rq = Sqrt[r^2 + z^2]

Simplify[ReplaceAll[ 1/r D[r D[F[Rq+z, Rq-z], r], r] + D[D[F[Rq+z, Rq-z], z], z], {r -> Sqrt[u v], z -> u/2-v/2}], {u>0, v>0}]

that does

\(\frac{4 \left(F^{(0,1)}(u,v)+v F^{(0,2)}(u,v)+F^{(1,0)}(u,v)+u F^{(2,0)}(u,v)\right)}{u+v}\)

Notations

Some sites use different notations; \(u^2\) and \(v^2\) are treated as parabolic coordinates \(u\) and \(v\); and such a notation seems to be more usual [2] [3].

In such a way, term Parabolic coordinates should be provided at the beginning of each article.

Radius

In the application for atomic physics, the important is coordinate

\(\displaystyle r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}\)

In parabolic coordinates, it can be expressed as follows:

\(\displaystyle r=\sqrt{\rho^2+z^2}=\sqrt{\big(\sqrt{uv}\big)^2+\frac{1}{4}(u\!-\!v)^2}=\frac{1}{2}u +\frac{1}{2}v\)

It is assumed, that \(u\!>\!0\) and \(v\!>\!0\).

Hydrogen atom

In the dimensionless variables, the Stationary Schroedinger equation can be written as follows:

\(\displaystyle - \Delta \psi - \frac{2}{r} \psi = \mathcal E \psi \)

The scale of physical coordinates is determined by the Bohr radius

\(\displaystyle \mathrm{BohrRadius}=\frac{\hbar^2}{e^2 M}\approx 5.2917720859 \times 10^{-11}\, \mathrm{Meter} \)

and the scale of physical energy is determined by the Bohr energy

\(\displaystyle \mathrm{BohrEnedry}=\frac{e^4 M}{2\hbar^2}\approx 2.17987197 \times 10^{-18}\, \mathrm{Joule}\)

In parabolic coordinates, the Stationary Schroedinger equation appears as follows:

Referebces

  1. ↑ http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rmf/v54n6/v54n6a9.pdf G.F. Torres del Castillo, E. Navarro Morales. Bound states of the hydrogen atom in parabolic coordinates. REVISTAMEXICANADEF ́ISICA54(6)454–458.
  2. ↑ http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ParabolicCoordinates.html
  3. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_coordinates

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_coordinates

Keywords

Atomic optics, Hydrogen, Quantum mechanics, Schroedinger equation

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