Difference between revisions of "Iterated integral"

From TORI
Jump to: navigation, search
 
m (Text replacement - "\$([^\$]+)\$" to "\\(\1\\)")
 
Line 2: Line 2:
 
[[File:Caputo.jpg|200px|right|thumb|M.Caputo]]
  
[[File:Caputo.jpg|200px|right|thumb|M.Caputo]]
 
!-->
  
!-->
−
'''Iterated integral''' of function $f$ is function $J^n f$ expressed with iteration of integration:
 +
'''Iterated integral''' of function \(f\) is function \(J^n f\) expressed with iteration of integration:
−
: $\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (0) ~ ~ ~ \displaystyle
 +
: \(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (0) ~ ~ ~ \displaystyle
 
{J^n f(x)=}
  
{J^n f(x)=}
 
{\underbrace{\int_0^x \mathrm{d}x_1 \int_0^{x_1} \mathrm{d}x_2 .. \int_0^{x_n}\mathrm{d}x_n } ~ f(x_n)}
  
{\underbrace{\int_0^x \mathrm{d}x_1 \int_0^{x_1} \mathrm{d}x_2 .. \int_0^{x_n}\mathrm{d}x_n } ~ f(x_n)}
 
\atop{{\phantom{I^n f(x)=}} n \rm ~ integrations}
  
\atop{{\phantom{I^n f(x)=}} n \rm ~ integrations}
  +
\)
−
$
  
   
−
The simple case of natural $n$ can be generalized for integer rational and even complex values of $n$; such a generalization is
+
The simple case of natural \(n\) can be generalized for integer rational and even complex values of \(n\); such a generalization is
 
allows to deal with derivatives of arbitrary (negative, fractal and even complex order.
 
allows to deal with derivatives of arbitrary (negative, fractal and even complex order.
 
The historical overview of the problem is available
  
The historical overview of the problem is available
Line 26: Line 26:
 
By the induction, the Cauchi formula for the nested integration can be proven
  
By the induction, the Cauchi formula for the nested integration can be proven
   
−
: $\displaystyle \!\!\!\!\!\!\ (1) ~ ~ ~ J_a^n f (x) = \frac{1}{(n\!-\!1)!} \int_a^x\left(x\!-\!t\right)^{n-1} f(t)\,\mathrm{d} t $
 +
: \(\displaystyle \!\!\!\!\!\!\ (1) ~ ~ ~ J_a^n f (x) = \frac{1}{(n\!-\!1)!} \int_a^x\left(x\!-\!t\right)^{n-1} f(t)\,\mathrm{d} t \)
   
−
at least for natural number $n$. However, there are seductions to use such an expression also for complex values of $n$,
 +
at least for natural number \(n\). However, there are seductions to use such an expression also for complex values of \(n\),
 
generalizing the nested integration and the differentiation for the non–integer number of iterations.
  
generalizing the nested integration and the differentiation for the non–integer number of iterations.
   
−
For $a\!=\!0$, the lower subscript of $J$ can be omitted; then it is assumed that $J_a$=$J$. In the expression $J_a^n f (x)$, it is assumed that first, the operation $J_a$ is defined, then it is applied $n$ times to the function $f$ and them the resulting function is evaluated qith value of its argument equal to $x$, id est,
 +
For \(a\!=\!0\), the lower subscript of \(J\) can be omitted; then it is assumed that \(J_a\)=\(J\). In the expression \(J_a^n f (x)\), it is assumed that first, the operation \(J_a\) is defined, then it is applied \(n\) times to the function \(f\) and them the resulting function is evaluated qith value of its argument equal to \(x\), id est,
−
$J_a^n f (x)=(((J_a)^n) f) (x)$ . Some ambiguity appears because often the symbol of multiplication, the "centered dot" $\cdot$ or "times" $\times$ is omitted and the last expression, in principle, could be interpreted as multiplication of something to $x$. However, the precedent expression is not a number, and in all cases when the confusion is expected, the multiplication signs should be recovered.
 +
\(J_a^n f (x)=(((J_a)^n) f) (x)\) . Some ambiguity appears because often the symbol of multiplication, the "centered dot" \(\cdot\) or "times" \(\times\) is omitted and the last expression, in principle, could be interpreted as multiplication of something to \(x\). However, the precedent expression is not a number, and in all cases when the confusion is expected, the multiplication signs should be recovered.
   
 
==Other notations==
  
==Other notations==
−
Sometimes the letter $I$ is used instead of $J$, but that notation conflicts with notation $I$ as [[imaginary unit]]
 +
Sometimes the letter \(I\) is used instead of \(J\), but that notation conflicts with notation \(I\) as [[imaginary unit]]
−
(id est, $\sqrt{-\!1}~$ ) in [[Mathematica]] and the [[Identity function]], which is also denoted with $I$. For this reason, in [[TORI]], letter $J$ is used, and, $~J^0 \!=\! I~$ is denoted as [[Identity operator]].
 +
(id est, \(\sqrt{-\!1}~\) ) in [[Mathematica]] and the [[Identity function]], which is also denoted with \(I\). For this reason, in [[TORI]], letter \(J\) is used, and, \(~J^0 \!=\! I~\) is denoted as [[Identity operator]].
   
−
Also, sometimes, the some arbitrary constant $a$ is used instead of $0$ as the lower limit of integration.
 +
Also, sometimes, the some arbitrary constant \(a\) is used instead of \(0\) as the lower limit of integration.
−
Such a generalization is equivalent of displacement of the argument of the integrand, id est, the argument of the function $f$, for a constant $a$.
 +
Such a generalization is equivalent of displacement of the argument of the integrand, id est, the argument of the function \(f\), for a constant \(a\).
 
==Negative number of iterations==
  
==Negative number of iterations==
−
The expression (1) is valid for natural values of $n$, and the iterated integration satisfies the group property; for natural numbers $m$ and $n$, the relation below holds:
 +
The expression (1) is valid for natural values of \(n\), and the iterated integration satisfies the group property; for natural numbers \(m\) and \(n\), the relation below holds:
−
: $\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (2)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~ J^m J^n = J^{m+n}$
 +
: \(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (2)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~ J^m J^n = J^{m+n}\)
   
 
The generalization to the negative values of the number of integrations corresponds to the differentiation operator;
 
The generalization to the negative values of the number of integrations corresponds to the differentiation operator;
−
: $\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (3)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~
 +
: \(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (3)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~
 
D^n f(x)=\frac{\mathrm d^n}{\mathrm d x^n} f(x)=J^{-n}f(x)
  
D^n f(x)=\frac{\mathrm d^n}{\mathrm d x^n} f(x)=J^{-n}f(x)
  +
\)
−
$
  
−
For positive $n,m$, the relation below holds:
 +
For positive \(n,m\), the relation below holds:
−
: $\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (4)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~
 +
: \(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (4)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~
 
D^n J^m f=J^{m-n}f
  
D^n J^m f=J^{m-n}f
  +
\)
−
$
  
−
However, the inverse relation $ ~
 +
However, the inverse relation \( ~
 
J^mD^n f=J^{m-n}f ~
  
J^mD^n f=J^{m-n}f ~
  +
\)
−
$
  
−
may fail; in particular, it fails while $f$ is polynomial of order smaller than $n$ and $D^n f =0$
 +
may fail; in particular, it fails while \(f\) is polynomial of order smaller than \(n\) and \(D^n f =0\)
   
 
==Fractional integration and fractional derivatives==
  
==Fractional integration and fractional derivatives==
−
Expression (1) could be used for complex (and, in particular, fractional) values of $n$, under condition that the integral converges. In this case, the expression $(x\!-\!t)^{n-1}$ is interpreted as $\exp\big(\ln(x\!-\!t) (n\!-\!1) \big)$. Due to the cut line of the logarithm, the $J^n f$ may have singularities and cutlines even if $f$ is holomorphic function.
 +
Expression (1) could be used for complex (and, in particular, fractional) values of \(n\), under condition that the integral converges. In this case, the expression \((x\!-\!t)^{n-1}\) is interpreted as \(\exp\big(\ln(x\!-\!t) (n\!-\!1) \big)\). Due to the cut line of the logarithm, the \(J^n f\) may have singularities and cutlines even if \(f\) is holomorphic function.
   
−
The generalization with lower limit of integration $a\ne 0$ seem to have not so much sense. However, this parameter becomes important, if for some proof one needs to differentiate or integrate with respect to this parameter.
 +
The generalization with lower limit of integration \(a\ne 0\) seem to have not so much sense. However, this parameter becomes important, if for some proof one needs to differentiate or integrate with respect to this parameter.
   
 
==Questions==
  
==Questions==
Line 70: Line 70:
 
suggests several questions about the fractional derivatives:
  
suggests several questions about the fractional derivatives:
   
−
Q1 In this case does $D^\alpha (u \mathrm{e}^{p x} + v \mathrm{e}^{q x} = u D^\alpha \mathrm{e}^{p x} + v D^\alpha \mathrm{e}^{q x} ~ $?
 +
Q1 In this case does \(D^\alpha (u \mathrm{e}^{p x} + v \mathrm{e}^{q x} = u D^\alpha \mathrm{e}^{p x} + v D^\alpha \mathrm{e}^{q x} ~ \)?
   
−
Q2 In this case does $D^\alpha D^\beta \mathrm{e}^{px} = D^{\alpha+\beta} \mathrm{e}^{px} ~$?
 +
Q2 In this case does \(D^\alpha D^\beta \mathrm{e}^{px} = D^{\alpha+\beta} \mathrm{e}^{px} ~\)?
   
−
Q3 Is $~
 +
Q3 Is \(~
 
D^{-1} \mathrm {e}^{px}=\int_0^x \mathrm{e}^{pz} \mathrm d z
  
D^{-1} \mathrm {e}^{px}=\int_0^x \mathrm{e}^{pz} \mathrm d z
−
~$ always true, or is there something missing?
 +
~\) always true, or is there something missing?
   
 
Q4 What general class of functions could be differentiated fractionally be means of the idea contained in (1)?
  
Q4 What general class of functions could be differentiated fractionally be means of the idea contained in (1)?
 
Q1.
  
Q1.
−
: $\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (4)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~
 +
: \(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (4)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~
 
D^n J^m f=J^{m-n}f
  
D^n J^m f=J^{m-n}f
  +
\)
−
$
  
   
 
==Caputo differentiation==
  
==Caputo differentiation==
−
The generalization to the non–integer number of iteration should be solution of the equation (2) for non–integer $n$. Such a generalization is attributed to [[Michele Caputo]]
 +
The generalization to the non–integer number of iteration should be solution of the equation (2) for non–integer \(n\). Such a generalization is attributed to [[Michele Caputo]]
 
<ref name="caputo">
  
<ref name="caputo">
 
http://www.diogenes.bg/fcaa/volume11/fcaa111/Caputo1967_1stpage.pdf
  
http://www.diogenes.bg/fcaa/volume11/fcaa111/Caputo1967_1stpage.pdf
Line 105: Line 105:
 
</ref>.
  
</ref>.
 
The construction of the solution is based on the following formula:
  
The construction of the solution is based on the following formula:
−
: $\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (5)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~ \frac{1}{\mathrm{Factorial}(b)} \int_0^x t^p (x - t)^b ~\mathrm{d}t =
 +
: \(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (5)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~ \frac{1}{\mathrm{Factorial}(b)} \int_0^x t^p (x - t)^b ~\mathrm{d}t =
 
\frac{x^{1+b+p} ~ \mathrm{Factorial}(p)}
  
\frac{x^{1+b+p} ~ \mathrm{Factorial}(p)}
 
{\mathrm{Factorial}(1\!+\!b\!+\!p)}
  
{\mathrm{Factorial}(1\!+\!b\!+\!p)}
  +
\)
−
$
  
−
valid at least for real values of $p$ and $b$ such that $p\!>\!-1$ and $b\!>\!-1$.
 +
valid at least for real values of \(p\) and \(b\) such that \(p\!>\!-1\) and \(b\!>\!-1\).
−
For the generalization of (1) to the case of real $n$, it is sufficient to express $J^n$ for $0<n<1$. At least for function $f$ that can be represented with series
 +
For the generalization of (1) to the case of real \(n\), it is sufficient to express \(J^n\) for \(0<n<1\). At least for function \(f\) that can be represented with series
−
: $\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (6)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~
 +
: \(\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (6)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~
−
f(x)=\sum_{k=0}^\infty c_k x^{p+k}$
 +
f(x)=\sum_{k=0}^\infty c_k x^{p+k}\)
−
for some constants $p$, and $p$,
+
for some constants \(p\), and \(p\),
 
the iterated integration can be defined as follows:
  
the iterated integration can be defined as follows:
−
: $\!\!\!\!\!\!\!(7)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~
 +
: \(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!(7)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~
−
J^n f (x)= \int_0^x \mathrm{d}t~ f(t) (x-t)^n$
 +
J^n f (x)= \int_0^x \mathrm{d}t~ f(t) (x-t)^n\)
   
 
This some other useful expressions, this formula is attributed to [[Cauchi]].
  
This some other useful expressions, this formula is attributed to [[Cauchi]].
   
−
As the [[differentiation]] and [[integration]], the iterated integration is linear operation; at least for real $n>-1$, for any complex coefficients $\alpha$ and $\beta$
 +
As the [[differentiation]] and [[integration]], the iterated integration is linear operation; at least for real \(n>-1\), for any complex coefficients \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\)
−
and functions $u$ an $v$ representable in form (6), and $g(z)=\alpha u(z) + \beta v(z)$
+
and functions \(u\) an \(v\) representable in form (6), and \(g(z)=\alpha u(z) + \beta v(z)\)
 
the following relation holds:
  
the following relation holds:
−
: $\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (8)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~
 +
: \(\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (8)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~
 
J^n g (x)= \alpha J^n u(x)+ \beta J^n v(x)
  
J^n g (x)= \alpha J^n u(x)+ \beta J^n v(x)
−
$.
 +
\).
   
−
For non–integer $n$, the iterated integration $J^n$ by (7) is called '''the Caputo integration''',
 +
For non–integer \(n\), the iterated integration \(J^n\) by (7) is called '''the Caputo integration''',
 
after professor Michele Caputo; the inverse operation is called '''the Caputo differentiation.
  
after professor Michele Caputo; the inverse operation is called '''the Caputo differentiation.
 
Such operations seem to be useful for simplification of physical problems, although the mathematical articles rarely indicate the possible application of the formalism of the fractional integration and derivatives, if at al.
  
Such operations seem to be useful for simplification of physical problems, although the mathematical articles rarely indicate the possible application of the formalism of the fractional integration and derivatives, if at al.

Latest revision as of 18:26, 30 July 2019

Iterated integral of function \(f\) is function \(J^n f\) expressed with iteration of integration:

\(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (0) ~ ~ ~ \displaystyle {J^n f(x)=} {\underbrace{\int_0^x \mathrm{d}x_1 \int_0^{x_1} \mathrm{d}x_2 .. \int_0^{x_n}\mathrm{d}x_n } ~ f(x_n)} \atop{{\phantom{I^n f(x)=}} n \rm ~ integrations} \)

The simple case of natural \(n\) can be generalized for integer rational and even complex values of \(n\); such a generalization is allows to deal with derivatives of arbitrary (negative, fractal and even complex order. The historical overview of the problem is available [1][2], the results about the fractional derivatives appear since year 1819.

Cauchi representation for the iterated integration

By the induction, the Cauchi formula for the nested integration can be proven

\(\displaystyle \!\!\!\!\!\!\ (1) ~ ~ ~ J_a^n f (x) = \frac{1}{(n\!-\!1)!} \int_a^x\left(x\!-\!t\right)^{n-1} f(t)\,\mathrm{d} t \)

at least for natural number \(n\). However, there are seductions to use such an expression also for complex values of \(n\), generalizing the nested integration and the differentiation for the non–integer number of iterations.

For \(a\!=\!0\), the lower subscript of \(J\) can be omitted; then it is assumed that \(J_a\)=\(J\). In the expression \(J_a^n f (x)\), it is assumed that first, the operation \(J_a\) is defined, then it is applied \(n\) times to the function \(f\) and them the resulting function is evaluated qith value of its argument equal to \(x\), id est, \(J_a^n f (x)=(((J_a)^n) f) (x)\) . Some ambiguity appears because often the symbol of multiplication, the "centered dot" \(\cdot\) or "times" \(\times\) is omitted and the last expression, in principle, could be interpreted as multiplication of something to \(x\). However, the precedent expression is not a number, and in all cases when the confusion is expected, the multiplication signs should be recovered.

Other notations

Sometimes the letter \(I\) is used instead of \(J\), but that notation conflicts with notation \(I\) as imaginary unit (id est, \(\sqrt{-\!1}~\) ) in Mathematica and the Identity function, which is also denoted with \(I\). For this reason, in TORI, letter \(J\) is used, and, \(~J^0 \!=\! I~\) is denoted as Identity operator.

Also, sometimes, the some arbitrary constant \(a\) is used instead of \(0\) as the lower limit of integration. Such a generalization is equivalent of displacement of the argument of the integrand, id est, the argument of the function \(f\), for a constant \(a\).

Negative number of iterations

The expression (1) is valid for natural values of \(n\), and the iterated integration satisfies the group property; for natural numbers \(m\) and \(n\), the relation below holds:

\(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (2)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~ J^m J^n = J^{m+n}\)

The generalization to the negative values of the number of integrations corresponds to the differentiation operator;

\(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (3)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~ D^n f(x)=\frac{\mathrm d^n}{\mathrm d x^n} f(x)=J^{-n}f(x) \)

For positive \(n,m\), the relation below holds:

\(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (4)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~ D^n J^m f=J^{m-n}f \)

However, the inverse relation \( ~ J^mD^n f=J^{m-n}f ~ \) may fail; in particular, it fails while \(f\) is polynomial of order smaller than \(n\) and \(D^n f =0\)

Fractional integration and fractional derivatives

Expression (1) could be used for complex (and, in particular, fractional) values of \(n\), under condition that the integral converges. In this case, the expression \((x\!-\!t)^{n-1}\) is interpreted as \(\exp\big(\ln(x\!-\!t) (n\!-\!1) \big)\). Due to the cut line of the logarithm, the \(J^n f\) may have singularities and cutlines even if \(f\) is holomorphic function.

The generalization with lower limit of integration \(a\ne 0\) seem to have not so much sense. However, this parameter becomes important, if for some proof one needs to differentiate or integrate with respect to this parameter.

Questions

One may consider application of the fractional differentiation to some specific functions; for example, the polynomial or the exponential. Site Maa [3]. suggests several questions about the fractional derivatives:

Q1 In this case does \(D^\alpha (u \mathrm{e}^{p x} + v \mathrm{e}^{q x} = u D^\alpha \mathrm{e}^{p x} + v D^\alpha \mathrm{e}^{q x} ~ \)?

Q2 In this case does \(D^\alpha D^\beta \mathrm{e}^{px} = D^{\alpha+\beta} \mathrm{e}^{px} ~\)?

Q3 Is \(~ D^{-1} \mathrm {e}^{px}=\int_0^x \mathrm{e}^{pz} \mathrm d z ~\) always true, or is there something missing?

Q4 What general class of functions could be differentiated fractionally be means of the idea contained in (1)? Q1.

\(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (4)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~ D^n J^m f=J^{m-n}f \)

Caputo differentiation

The generalization to the non–integer number of iteration should be solution of the equation (2) for non–integer \(n\). Such a generalization is attributed to Michele Caputo [4][5][6][7][8]. The construction of the solution is based on the following formula:

\(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (5)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~ \frac{1}{\mathrm{Factorial}(b)} \int_0^x t^p (x - t)^b ~\mathrm{d}t = \frac{x^{1+b+p} ~ \mathrm{Factorial}(p)} {\mathrm{Factorial}(1\!+\!b\!+\!p)} \)

valid at least for real values of \(p\) and \(b\) such that \(p\!>\!-1\) and \(b\!>\!-1\). For the generalization of (1) to the case of real \(n\), it is sufficient to express \(J^n\) for \(0<n<1\). At least for function \(f\) that can be represented with series

\(\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (6)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~ f(x)=\sum_{k=0}^\infty c_k x^{p+k}\)

for some constants \(p\), and \(p\), the iterated integration can be defined as follows:

\(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!(7)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~ J^n f (x)= \int_0^x \mathrm{d}t~ f(t) (x-t)^n\)

This some other useful expressions, this formula is attributed to Cauchi.

As the differentiation and integration, the iterated integration is linear operation; at least for real \(n>-1\), for any complex coefficients \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) and functions \(u\) an \(v\) representable in form (6), and \(g(z)=\alpha u(z) + \beta v(z)\) the following relation holds:

\(\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (8)\displaystyle ~ ~ ~ J^n g (x)= \alpha J^n u(x)+ \beta J^n v(x) \).

For non–integer \(n\), the iterated integration \(J^n\) by (7) is called the Caputo integration, after professor Michele Caputo; the inverse operation is called the Caputo differentiation. Such operations seem to be useful for simplification of physical problems, although the mathematical articles rarely indicate the possible application of the formalism of the fractional integration and derivatives, if at al.

References

  1. ↑ http://www.m-hikari.com/ams/ams-2010/ams-21-24-2010/bashourAMS21-24-2010.pdf Mehdi Dalir, Majid Bashour. Applications of Fractional Calculus. Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 4, 2010, no. 21, p.1021-1032.
  2. ↑ Keith B.Oldham, Jerome Spainer. The fractional calculus. Mathematical science and engineering, Vol. 111, Academic Press 1974.
  3. ↑ http://www.maa.org/pubs/Calc_articles/ma021.pdf Marcia Kleinz and Thomas J.Osler. A Child’s Garden of Fractional Derivatives. The College Mathematics Journal, March 2000, Volume 31, Number 2, pp. 82–88.
  4. ↑ http://www.diogenes.bg/fcaa/volume11/fcaa111/Caputo1967_1stpage.pdf Michele Caputo. On the fractional analysis and Applied analysis. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc., vol. 13, Issue 5 (1967), pp. 529-539.
  5. ↑ http://versita.com/caputo/ Michele Caputo
  6. ↑ http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/290/1/012011 Ming Li, X.T.Xiong and Y.J.Wang. A numerical evaluation and regularization of Caputo fractional derivatives Journal of Physics: Conference Series Volume 290 Number 1, 012011 (2011).
  7. ↑ http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/math/kmfurati/teaching/courses/690-101/caputo.pdf Khaled M. Furati. Course of Matan. Applied Fractional Calculus. 18: Caputo’s Derivative.
  8. ↑ http://www.tjmcs.com/includes/files/articles/Vol2_Iss3_425%20-%20430_On_generalized_fractional_flux_advection-dispersion_equation_and_Caputo_derivative.pdf A.Golbabai, K.Sayevand. On generalized fractional flux advection-dispersion equation and Caputo derivative. The Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science Vol .2 No.3 (2011) 425-430.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%E2%80%93Liouville_integral

Retrieved from "https://mizugadro.mydns.jp/t/index.php?title=Iterated_integral&oldid=27987"