Difference between pages "Pu-241" and "Category:Am-241"
(Difference between pages)
(→Using) |
(Created page with "Am-241 is isotope of Americium. ==Using== $ \rm ^{241}_{~94}Pu \xrightarrow[15~y]{\beta^-,~ 21\,KeV} {} ^{241}_{~95}Am \xrightarrow[432.7\,y]{\alpha,\, 4.959\,MeV} {}^{...") |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | [[ |
+ | [[Am-241]] is isotope of Americium. |
| − | mass: 241.057 [[amu]] |
||
| − | |||
| − | halflife |
||
| − | <ref> |
||
| − | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022190273803471 |
||
| − | R.K.Zeigler, Yvonne Ferris. Half-life of plutonium-241. |
||
| − | Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. |
||
| − | Volume 35, Issue 10, October 1973, Pages 3417-3418. |
||
| − | .. The half-life of $^{241}$Pu was found to be 14·89 ± 0·11 yr. .. |
||
| − | </ref>: 14.89 ± 0.11 yr. |
||
| − | |||
| − | ==Production== |
||
| − | |||
| − | <math>\mathrm{^{238}_{\ 92}U\ \xrightarrow {(n,\gamma)} \ ^{239}_{\ 92}U\ \xrightarrow [23.5 \ min]{\beta^-} \ ^{239}_{\ 93}Np\ \xrightarrow [2.3565 \ d]{\beta^-} \ ^{239}_{\ 94}Pu}</math> |
||
| − | |||
| − | The capture of two neutrons by <sup>239</sup>Pu (a so-called (n,γ) reaction), followed by a β-decay, results in <sup>241</sup>Am: |
||
| − | |||
| − | $\mathrm{^{239}_{\ 94}Pu\ \xrightarrow {2~(n,\gamma)} \ ^{241}_{\ 94}Pu\ \xrightarrow [15 \ yr]{\beta^-} \ ^{241}_{\ 95}Am}$ |
||
| − | |||
| − | Most or nuclear reactors have significant concentration of [[U-238]] in the active rods; so, production of plutonium happens automatically, |
||
| − | whether it is wanted of not. |
||
| − | |||
| − | At accidents with nuclear plants, isotopes of Plutonium appear as one of main contaminants. |
||
| − | Then, it decays to Americium, that becomes the main contaminant at the scale larger than a century. |
||
==Using== |
==Using== |
||
| Line 35: | Line 11: | ||
$ |
$ |
||
| + | |||
| − | The resulting Americium appears in significant amount in the [[nuclear waste]] and is reported to be important (and even dominant) contaminant since some tens of years since the nuclear disasters. |
||
| + | [[Am-241]] is considered as the important component of the [[nucuear waste]] and dominant contaminante since come tens or years after a nuclear catastrophe.<ref> |
||
| − | <ref> |
||
2008.08.oo. https://web.archive.org/web/20110525233310/http://www.nda.gov.uk/documents/ upload/Plutonium-Options-for-Comment-August-2008.pdf NDA Plutonium Options. SMS Plutonium Topic Strategy, August 2008 - October 2008. Table 1: Examples of the types of variation in plutonium composition produced from different sources |
2008.08.oo. https://web.archive.org/web/20110525233310/http://www.nda.gov.uk/documents/ upload/Plutonium-Options-for-Comment-August-2008.pdf NDA Plutonium Options. SMS Plutonium Topic Strategy, August 2008 - October 2008. Table 1: Examples of the types of variation in plutonium composition produced from different sources |
||
</ref><ref>2016.05.23. http://greenbelarus.info/articles/23-05-2016/eho-chernobylya-kak-smertelno-opasnyy-produkt-raspada-plutoniya-americiy Андрей Скурко. Эхо Чернобыля: как смертельно опасный америций угрожает здоровью и жизни беларусов? ЗЯЛЁНЫ ПАРТАЛ, 2016.05.23. |
</ref><ref>2016.05.23. http://greenbelarus.info/articles/23-05-2016/eho-chernobylya-kak-smertelno-opasnyy-produkt-raspada-plutoniya-americiy Андрей Скурко. Эхо Чернобыля: как смертельно опасный америций угрожает здоровью и жизни беларусов? ЗЯЛЁНЫ ПАРТАЛ, 2016.05.23. |
||
</ref> |
</ref> |
||
| − | |||
| − | As soon, as the collection and extraction of the Americium, Plutonium and other isotopes from the nuclear waste is arranged, the question arise about the applications. One such application is described in utopia [[Tartaria]] mentioned below. |
||
| − | |||
| − | ==Fiction == |
||
| − | [[File:Pu241heatPlo800x517.jpg|460px|thumb|[[Decay heat]] by mixture of [[Pu-241]] and [[Am-241]] versus time ]] |
||
| − | The cascade decay above is described in Utopia [[Tartaria]]. |
||
| − | |||
| − | One impostors, pretending to be a specialist, declares, that from the nuclear waste and contaminated soil, he can make warming devices based on the [[decay heat]]. Such a heater is declared to produce a kilowatt power during a century, with relative variation of this power within 10%. |
||
| − | With this specification, company [[Norga warm]] gets the huge federal grant, promising to manufacture an example of such a heater within two years. The laboratory is constructed to select, separate, rectify the nuclear waste and contaminated soul. It grows up to a big factory, |
||
| − | but the goal declared seem to be unreachable. In the waste they work with, no one isotope allows to satisfy the criteria declared. |
||
| − | The project is about to be qualified as a [[fraud]] and the [[money laundering]], with catastrophic sequences for the [[Mozdok Tsukerberg]], owner of the [[Norga warm]]. |
||
| − | |||
| − | One visitor-scientist, [[Ruvim Pechor]], happens at the [[Norga warm]]. Ruvim suggests the compound heating substance, containing, roughly, 9 kg of [[Am-241]] and one kg of [[Pu-241]]. |
||
| − | During some tens of years, the depletion of [[Am-241]] is partially compensated by conversion of [[Pu-241]] into [[Am-241]]. |
||
| − | The heat due to the [[beta decay]] of [[Pu-241]] is negligible, but the [[alfa decay]] of [[Am-241]], due to the partial recovery of its amount, provides the stability declared. |
||
| − | Ruvim Pechor illustrates his project with the explicit plot, simulation of the heat generation versus time. At the diagram, the starting point of the device corresponds to abscissa of order of "40 years". |
||
| − | |||
| − | No other way to save the project is suggested; so, the head of project orders his staff to follow recommendation by [[Ruvim Pechir]]; Ruvim gets title "top scientist" of the [[Norga warm]] company. The top chemist, attractive woman ([[Pesia Zivertov]]) makes the special rectification machines and extracts the required amount of [[Am-241]] and [[Pu-241]]. Then, the top engineer |
||
| − | ([[Femistolkus Zalipaev]]) packs this to Zirconium tubes; the resulting apparatus is called [[Century Heater]]. This name is shortened to "C-Heater", then to "Cheater". Them the short name is "translated" into Russian as [[Сплeтник]], and transliterated back into English as [[Spletnik]]; this name becomes the usual term to denote the device. |
||
| − | |||
| − | <!-- |
||
| − | But he is interested mainly in the scientific part of the project, and express his critical opinion about the commercial applications of the device: its manufatruting is very expensive, while the power (one kiloWatt) is not so high, and, due to the high cost, cannot be significantly improved |
||
| − | |||
| − | that make heaters for greenhouses, gets the Federal Grant for decontamination of Tartaria from the unstable isotopes that contaminate the most of the territory since the horrible war [[Bigpuf]] between the Russian criminal bands. |
||
| − | !--> |
||
| − | |||
==References== |
==References== |
||
<references/> |
<references/> |
||
| − | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium-241 |
||
| − | |||
| − | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-241 |
||
| − | |||
| − | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOX_fuel All plutonium isotopes are either fissile or fertile, although [[plutonium-242]] needs to absorb 3 neutrons before becoming fissile [[curium]]-245; in thermal reactors isotopic degradation limits the plutonium recycle poten- tial. About 1% of [[spent nuclear fuel]] from current [[LWR]]s is plutonium, with approxi- mate isotopic composition Pu-239 52%, Pu-240 24%, Pu-241 15%, Pu-242 6%, Pu-238 2%. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOX-топливо Плутоний составляет порядка 1% от |
||
| − | облучённого ядерного топлива. Приблизительное изотопное соотношение: Pu-239 52%, Pu-240 24%, Pu-241 15%, Pu-242 6%, Pu-238 2%. |
||
| − | |||
| − | 2008.08.oo. |
||
| − | https://web.archive.org/web/20110525233310/http://www.nda.gov.uk/documents/ upload/Plutonium-Options-for-Comment-August-2008.pdf NDA Plutonium Options. SMS Plutonium Topic Strategy, August 2008 - October 2008. Table 1: Examples of the types of variation in plutonium composition produced from different sources |
||
| − | |||
| − | 2016.05.23. |
||
| − | http://greenbelarus.info/articles/23-05-2016/eho-chernobylya-kak-smertelno-opasnyy-produkt-raspada-plutoniya-americiy Андрей Скурко. Эхо Чернобыля: как смертельно опасный америций угрожает здоровью |
||
| − | и жизни беларусов? ЗЯЛЁНЫ ПАРТАЛ, 2016.05.23. |
||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | ==Keywords== |
||
| − | |||
| − | [[Am-241]], |
||
| − | [[Relaxation heat]] |
||
| − | |||
| − | [[Category:Am-241]] |
||
| − | [[Category:Beta decay]] |
||
| − | [[Category:Nuclear physics]] |
||
| − | [[Category:Pu-241]] |
||
| − | [[Category:Relaxation heat]] |
||
| − | [[Category:Tartaria]] |
||
Latest revision as of 17:34, 13 January 2019
Am-241 is isotope of Americium.
Using
$ \rm ^{241}_{~94}Pu \xrightarrow[15~y]{\beta^-,~ 21\,KeV} {} ^{241}_{~95}Am \xrightarrow[432.7\,y]{\alpha,\, 4.959\,MeV} {}^{237}_{~96}Np \xrightarrow[2.4 \times 10^6\,y]{\alpha,~4.958 \,MeV} \mathrm{^{233}_{91}Pa} ~.\,.\,. $
Am-241 is considered as the important component of the nucuear waste and dominant contaminante since come tens or years after a nuclear catastrophe.[1][2]
References
- ↑ 2008.08.oo. https://web.archive.org/web/20110525233310/http://www.nda.gov.uk/documents/ upload/Plutonium-Options-for-Comment-August-2008.pdf NDA Plutonium Options. SMS Plutonium Topic Strategy, August 2008 - October 2008. Table 1: Examples of the types of variation in plutonium composition produced from different sources
- ↑ 2016.05.23. http://greenbelarus.info/articles/23-05-2016/eho-chernobylya-kak-smertelno-opasnyy-produkt-raspada-plutoniya-americiy Андрей Скурко. Эхо Чернобыля: как смертельно опасный америций угрожает здоровью и жизни беларусов? ЗЯЛЁНЫ ПАРТАЛ, 2016.05.23.
