Difference between revisions of "SuZex"

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m (Text replacement - "\$([^\$]+)\$" to "\\(\1\\)")
 
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[[File:SuZexPlot511T.jpg|200px|thumb| Fig.1. $y\!=\!\mathrm{SuSex}(x)~$, thick blue line, and $y\!=\!\mathrm{zex}(x)\!=\!x\mathrm e^x$, thin line]]
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[[File:SuZexPlot511T.jpg|200px|thumb| Fig.1. \(y\!=\!\mathrm{SuSex}(x)~\), thick blue line, and \(y\!=\!\mathrm{zex}(x)\!=\!x\mathrm e^x\), thin line]]
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[[File:SuZexD1mapT.png|400px|thumb| Fig.2. Map $u\!+\!\mathrm i v=\mathrm{SuZex}(x\!+\!\mathrm i y)$]]
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[[File:SuZexD1mapT.png|400px|thumb| Fig.2. Map \(u\!+\!\mathrm i v=\mathrm{SuZex}(x\!+\!\mathrm i y)\)]]
   
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[[SuZex]] is [[superfunction]] of [[ArcLambertW]], denoted also as [[zex]], $\mathrm{zex}(z)=z \exp(z)$.
 +
[[SuZex]] is [[superfunction]] of [[ArcLambertW]], denoted also as [[zex]], \(\mathrm{zex}(z)=z \exp(z)\).
   
−
:$\!\!\!\!\!\!(1) ~ ~ ~ \mathrm{SuZex}(0)=1$
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:\(\!\!\!\!\!\!(1) ~ ~ ~ \mathrm{SuZex}(0)=1\)
   
−
:$\!\!\!\!\!\!(2) ~ ~ ~ \mathrm{SuZex}(z\!+\!1)=\mathrm{zex}\Big(\mathrm{SuZex}(z)\Big)$
 +
:\(\!\!\!\!\!\!(2) ~ ~ ~ \mathrm{SuZex}(z\!+\!1)=\mathrm{zex}\Big(\mathrm{SuZex}(z)\Big)\)
   
 
The [[explicit plot]] of function [[SuZex]] is shown in Figure 1 in comparison with that function [[zex]].
  
The [[explicit plot]] of function [[SuZex]] is shown in Figure 1 in comparison with that function [[zex]].
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The first two terms of the asymptotic expansion of [[SuZex]] can be used as the definition.
  
The first two terms of the asymptotic expansion of [[SuZex]] can be used as the definition.
   
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Let $~ ~\mathrm{zex}(z)\!=\!z\exp(z)$
 +
Let \(~ ~\mathrm{zex}(z)\!=\!z\exp(z)\)
   
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Let $~ \displaystyle f(z) =\frac{-1}{z}+\frac{\ln(z)}{2z^2}$
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Let \(~ \displaystyle f(z) =\frac{-1}{z}+\frac{\ln(z)}{2z^2}\)
   
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Let $~ F_n(z)=\mathrm{zex}^n\big( f(z\!-\!n) \Big)$
 +
Let \(~ F_n(z)=\mathrm{zex}^n\big( f(z\!-\!n) \Big)\)
   
−
Let $~ x_n$ be real solution of equation $F_n(x_n)=1$.
 +
Let \(~ x_n\) be real solution of equation \(F_n(x_n)=1\).
   
 
Then, SuZex is defined with
 
Then, SuZex is defined with
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: $\!\!\!\!\!\!(3) ~ ~ ~ \displaystyle \mathrm{SuZex}(z)= \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \mathrm{zex}\Big( F_n(x_n\!-\!z) \Big)$
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: \(\!\!\!\!\!\!(3) ~ ~ ~ \displaystyle \mathrm{SuZex}(z)= \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \mathrm{zex}\Big( F_n(x_n\!-\!z) \Big)\)
   
 
==Behavior==
  
==Behavior==
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[[SuZex]] decays at infinity, behaving similat to $z\mapsto 1/z$; but along the positive direction of the real axis it shows fast growth, similar to that of the [[SuperFactorial]] and that of [[tetration]] to base $b>\exp^2(-1)=\exp(1/\mathrm e)$.
 +
[[SuZex]] decays at infinity, behaving similat to \(z\mapsto 1/z\); but along the positive direction of the real axis it shows fast growth, similar to that of the [[SuperFactorial]] and that of [[tetration]] to base \(b>\exp^2(-1)=\exp(1/\mathrm e)\).
   
 
==Asymptotic expansion==
  
==Asymptotic expansion==
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===Mathematica code===
  
===Mathematica code===
−
Somehow, Mathematica's [[Series]] function dislikes the leading sign "-" in the argument of [[Log]], adding some innecessary $\pi \mathrm i$; so, in the code below, there is Log[z] instead of Log[-z]. However, this does not affect the expansion; and Log[z] can be replaced to Log[-z] in the final expression. From this deduction, the only requirement is smportant, that at z$\mapsto$ z+1, the function changes
+
Somehow, Mathematica's [[Series]] function dislikes the leading sign "-" in the argument of [[Log]], adding some innecessary \(\pi \mathrm i\); so, in the code below, there is Log[z] instead of Log[-z]. However, this does not affect the expansion; and Log[z] can be replaced to Log[-z] in the final expression. From this deduction, the only requirement is smportant, that at z\(\mapsto\) z+1, the function changes
−
Log[$\pm$z] $\mapsto$ Log[$\pm$ z] Log[1+1/z] with following expansion at small values 1/z. In such a way, the expansion does not depend on the leading sign of the argument in the logarithm in the expresion for $\ell$.
+
Log[\(\pm\)z] \(\mapsto\) Log[\(\pm\) z] Log[1+1/z] with following expansion at small values 1/z. In such a way, the expansion does not depend on the leading sign of the argument in the logarithm in the expresion for \(\ell\).
   
 
zex[z_] = z Exp[z];
  
zex[z_] = z Exp[z];
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==Evaluation==
  
==Evaluation==
   
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The code above gives the expansion of superfunction $f$ for the base function $T\!=\!\mathrm{zex}$ in the following form:
 +
The code above gives the expansion of superfunction \(f\) for the base function \(T\!=\!\mathrm{zex}\) in the following form:
   
−
: $\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!(6) ~ ~ ~ \displaystyle
+
: \(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!(6) ~ ~ ~ \displaystyle
 
f(z)= -\frac{1}{z}
  
f(z)= -\frac{1}{z}
 
~ +
  
~ +
−
\frac{\frac{1}{2}\ell }{ z^2}$ $\displaystyle
 +
\frac{\frac{1}{2}\ell }{ z^2}\) \(\displaystyle
 
~+
  
~+
−
\frac{\frac{-1}{4}\ell^2 +\frac{1}{4}\ell-\frac{1}{6}}{z^3_{\phantom{p}} } ~$ $\displaystyle
 +
\frac{\frac{-1}{4}\ell^2 +\frac{1}{4}\ell-\frac{1}{6}}{z^3_{\phantom{p}} } ~\) \(\displaystyle
 
~+
 
~+
−
\frac{\frac{ 1}{8}\ell^3 +\frac{-5}{16}\ell^2+\frac{3}{8}\ell+\frac{-7}{48} }{z^4_{\phantom{p}}} ~$ $\displaystyle
 +
\frac{\frac{ 1}{8}\ell^3 +\frac{-5}{16}\ell^2+\frac{3}{8}\ell+\frac{-7}{48} }{z^4_{\phantom{p}}} ~\) \(\displaystyle
 
~+
 
~+
−
\frac{\frac{-1}{16}\ell^4+\frac{13}{48}\ell^3+\frac{-17}{32}\ell^2+\frac{23}{48}\ell+\frac{-707}{4320} }{z^5_{\phantom{p}}} ~$ $\displaystyle
 +
\frac{\frac{-1}{16}\ell^4+\frac{13}{48}\ell^3+\frac{-17}{32}\ell^2+\frac{23}{48}\ell+\frac{-707}{4320} }{z^5_{\phantom{p}}} ~\) \(\displaystyle
 
~+
  
~+
−
\frac{\frac{ 1}{32}\ell^5+\frac{-77}{384}\ell^4+\frac{37}{64}\ell^3+\frac{-83}{96}\ell^2+\frac{1121}{1728}\ell + \frac{-1637}{8640} }{z^6_{\phantom{p}}} ~$ $\displaystyle
 +
\frac{\frac{ 1}{32}\ell^5+\frac{-77}{384}\ell^4+\frac{37}{64}\ell^3+\frac{-83}{96}\ell^2+\frac{1121}{1728}\ell + \frac{-1637}{8640} }{z^6_{\phantom{p}}} ~\) \(\displaystyle
 
~+
  
~+
−
\frac{\frac{-1}{64}\ell^6+\frac{87}{640}\ell^5+\frac{-205}{384}\ell^4+\frac{443}{384}\ell^3+\frac{-1619}{1152}\ell^2+\frac{15427}{17280}\ell + \frac{-274133}{1209600} }{z^6} ~$ $\displaystyle
 +
\frac{\frac{-1}{64}\ell^6+\frac{87}{640}\ell^5+\frac{-205}{384}\ell^4+\frac{443}{384}\ell^3+\frac{-1619}{1152}\ell^2+\frac{15427}{17280}\ell + \frac{-274133}{1209600} }{z^6} ~\) \(\displaystyle
 
~+
  
~+
 
O\left(\frac{\ell^7}{z^8}\right)
  
O\left(\frac{\ell^7}{z^8}\right)
−
~$
 +
~\)
   
−
where $\ell\!=\!\ln(\pm z)$. Then, as in the definition, set $~F_n\!=\!\mathrm{zex}^n\!\Big(f(z\!-\!n)\Big)$.
 +
where \(\ell\!=\!\ln(\pm z)\). Then, as in the definition, set \(~F_n\!=\!\mathrm{zex}^n\!\Big(f(z\!-\!n)\Big)\).
   
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===Case $~\ell\!=\!\ln(-z)~$===
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===Case \(~\ell\!=\!\ln(-z)~\)===
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For $~\ell\!=\!\ln(-z)~$, let $x_{4,n}$ be solution of equation $F_n(x_{4,n})=1$; then
 +
For \(~\ell\!=\!\ln(-z)~\), let \(x_{4,n}\) be solution of equation \(F_n(x_{4,n})=1\); then
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:$\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (8) ~ ~ ~ \mathrm{SuZex}(z) \approx F_n(x_{4,n}\!+\!z)$
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:\(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (8) ~ ~ ~ \mathrm{SuZex}(z) \approx F_n(x_{4,n}\!+\!z)\)
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<!--For a more advanced implementation, variable $\varepsilon=- \ell/z$ can be treated as small parameter. !-->
 +
<!--For a more advanced implementation, variable \(\varepsilon=- \ell/z\) can be treated as small parameter. !-->
 
giving approximation of the superfunction of function [[Zex]].
  
giving approximation of the superfunction of function [[Zex]].
   
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===Case $~\ell\!=\!\ln(z)~$===
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===Case \(~\ell\!=\!\ln(z)~\)===
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For $~\ell\!=\!\ln(z)~$, equation (6) gives another superfunction, let it be called $\mathrm{SdZex}$,that approaches the fixed point 0 from below; then
+
For \(~\ell\!=\!\ln(z)~\), equation (6) gives another superfunction, let it be called \(\mathrm{SdZex}\),that approaches the fixed point 0 from below; then
   
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:$\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (9) ~ ~ ~ \mathrm{SdZex}(z) \approx F_n(z_{4,n}\!+\!z)$
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:\(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (9) ~ ~ ~ \mathrm{SdZex}(z) \approx F_n(z_{4,n}\!+\!z)\)
−
for negative values of $n$ and approproate $z_{4,n}$, expression (9) can be considered as approximation of another superfunction of the transfer function [[Zex]].
 +
for negative values of \(n\) and approproate \(z_{4,n}\), expression (9) can be considered as approximation of another superfunction of the transfer function [[Zex]].
   
   
 
Several decimal digits of superfunctions can be evaluated using approximations (8) and (9) using calculations with just [[complex double]] arithmetics.
  
Several decimal digits of superfunctions can be evaluated using approximations (8) and (9) using calculations with just [[complex double]] arithmetics.
−
Similar approach is used in the implementation of the two [[superfunction]]s of the exponential to base $b=\exp^2(-1)=\exp(1/\mathrm e)\approx 1.444667861$
 +
Similar approach is used in the implementation of the two [[superfunction]]s of the exponential to base \(b=\exp^2(-1)=\exp(1/\mathrm e)\approx 1.444667861\)
 
<ref>
  
<ref>
 
http://tori.ils.uec.ac.jp/PAPERS/2012e1eMcom2590.pdf
  
http://tori.ils.uec.ac.jp/PAPERS/2012e1eMcom2590.pdf
 
H.Trappmann, D.Kouznetsov. Computation of the Two Regular Super-Exponentials to base exp(1/e). Mathematics of Computation, 2012 February 8. ISSN 1088-6842(e) ISSN 0025-5718(p)
 
H.Trappmann, D.Kouznetsov. Computation of the Two Regular Super-Exponentials to base exp(1/e). Mathematics of Computation, 2012 February 8. ISSN 1088-6842(e) ISSN 0025-5718(p)
 
<!-- http://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/0000-000-00/S0025-5718-2012-02590-7/S0025-5718-2012-02590-7.pdf Journal version (the registration may be required) !-->
  
<!-- http://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/0000-000-00/S0025-5718-2012-02590-7/S0025-5718-2012-02590-7.pdf Journal version (the registration may be required) !-->
−
</ref>. In that case, the [[transfer function]] $\exp_b$ also has derivative unity at its fixed point $L=\mathrm e\approx 2.718$
 +
</ref>. In that case, the [[transfer function]] \(\exp_b\) also has derivative unity at its fixed point \(L=\mathrm e\approx 2.718\)
   
 
==References==
  
==References==

Latest revision as of 18:25, 30 July 2019

Fig.1. \(y\!=\!\mathrm{SuSex}(x)~\), thick blue line, and \(y\!=\!\mathrm{zex}(x)\!=\!x\mathrm e^x\), thin line
Fig.2. Map \(u\!+\!\mathrm i v=\mathrm{SuZex}(x\!+\!\mathrm i y)\)

SuZex is superfunction of ArcLambertW, denoted also as zex, \(\mathrm{zex}(z)=z \exp(z)\).

\(\!\!\!\!\!\!(1) ~ ~ ~ \mathrm{SuZex}(0)=1\)
\(\!\!\!\!\!\!(2) ~ ~ ~ \mathrm{SuZex}(z\!+\!1)=\mathrm{zex}\Big(\mathrm{SuZex}(z)\Big)\)

The explicit plot of function SuZex is shown in Figure 1 in comparison with that function zex. The Complex map of SuZex is shown in Figure 2. More detailed map is available in the article SuZex approximation.

Definition

The first two terms of the asymptotic expansion of SuZex can be used as the definition.

Let \(~ ~\mathrm{zex}(z)\!=\!z\exp(z)\)

Let \(~ \displaystyle f(z) =\frac{-1}{z}+\frac{\ln(z)}{2z^2}\)

Let \(~ F_n(z)=\mathrm{zex}^n\big( f(z\!-\!n) \Big)\)

Let \(~ x_n\) be real solution of equation \(F_n(x_n)=1\).

Then, SuZex is defined with

\(\!\!\!\!\!\!(3) ~ ~ ~ \displaystyle \mathrm{SuZex}(z)= \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \mathrm{zex}\Big( F_n(x_n\!-\!z) \Big)\)

Behavior

SuZex decays at infinity, behaving similat to \(z\mapsto 1/z\); but along the positive direction of the real axis it shows fast growth, similar to that of the SuperFactorial and that of tetration to base \(b>\exp^2(-1)=\exp(1/\mathrm e)\).

Asymptotic expansion

The asymptotic expansion of SuZex can be developed using the definition; it is described below in the Mathematica language.

Mathematica code

Somehow, Mathematica's Series function dislikes the leading sign "-" in the argument of Log, adding some innecessary \(\pi \mathrm i\); so, in the code below, there is Log[z] instead of Log[-z]. However, this does not affect the expansion; and Log[z] can be replaced to Log[-z] in the final expression. From this deduction, the only requirement is smportant, that at z\(\mapsto\) z+1, the function changes Log[\(\pm\)z] \(\mapsto\) Log[\(\pm\) z] Log[1+1/z] with following expansion at small values 1/z. In such a way, the expansion does not depend on the leading sign of the argument in the logarithm in the expresion for \(\ell\). 

zex[z_] = z Exp[z];

Foo[z_] = -1/z + a Log[z]/z^2

Soo = Series[Foo[z+1]-zex[Foo[z]], {z,Infinity,3}]
Eoo = Coefficient[Soo,1/z^3]
Ao = Extract[Solve[Eoo==0, a], 1]
F2o[z_] = ReplaceAll[Foo[z], Ao]

F20[z_] = F2o[z] + (a Log[z]^2 + b Log[z] + c)/z^3

S2o = Series[F20[z+1] - zex[F20[z]], {z,Infinity,4}]
S20 = ReplaceAll[S2o, Log[1/z] -> -L]
E2o = Coefficient[S20, 1/z^4]
E22 = Coefficient[E2o, L^2]
A1 = Extract[Extract[Solve[E22==0, a], 1], 1]
E2A = ReplaceAll[E2o, A1]
E21 = Coefficient[E2A, L]
B1 = Extract[Extract[Solve[E21==0, b], 1], 1]
E2B = ReplaceAll[E2A, B1]
C1 = Extract[Extract[Solve[E2B==0, c], 1], 1]
F3o[z_] = ReplaceAll[F20[z], {A1, B1, C1}]

F30[z_] = F3o[z] + (a Log[z]^3 + b Log[z]^2 + c Log[z] + d)/z^4

S3o = Series[F30[z+1] - zex[F30[z]], {z, Infinity, 5}]
S30 = ReplaceAll[S3o, Log[1/z] -> -L]
E3o = Coefficient[S30, 1/z^5]
E33 = Coefficient[E3o, L^3]
A3 = Extract[Extract[Solve[E33==0, a], 1], 1]
E3a = ReplaceAll[E3o, A3]
E32 = Coefficient[E3a, L^2]
B3 = Extract[Extract[Solve[E32==0, b], 1], 1]
E3b = ReplaceAll[E3a, B3]
E31 = Coefficient[E3b, L]
C3 = Extract[Extract[Solve[E31==0, c], 1], 1]
E3c = ReplaceAll[E3b, C3]
D3 = Extract[Extract[Solve[E3c == 0, d], 1], 1]
F4o[z_] = ReplaceAll[F30[z], {A3, B3, C3, D3}]

F40[z_] = F4o[z] + (a Log[z]^4 + b Log[z]^3 + c Log[z]^2 + d Log[z] + e)/z^5
S4o = Series[F40[z+1] - zex[F40[z]], {z, Infinity, 6}]

(* At this step, F40 is asymptotic representation of superfunction of zex with precision up to Log[z]^4/z^4 . However, the exercise can be continued, getting coefficients a,b,c,d,e in the last formula, then adding one more similar term and so on. *)

Evaluation

The code above gives the expansion of superfunction \(f\) for the base function \(T\!=\!\mathrm{zex}\) in the following form:

\(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!(6) ~ ~ ~ \displaystyle f(z)= -\frac{1}{z} ~ + \frac{\frac{1}{2}\ell }{ z^2}\) \(\displaystyle ~+ \frac{\frac{-1}{4}\ell^2 +\frac{1}{4}\ell-\frac{1}{6}}{z^3_{\phantom{p}} } ~\) \(\displaystyle ~+ \frac{\frac{ 1}{8}\ell^3 +\frac{-5}{16}\ell^2+\frac{3}{8}\ell+\frac{-7}{48} }{z^4_{\phantom{p}}} ~\) \(\displaystyle ~+ \frac{\frac{-1}{16}\ell^4+\frac{13}{48}\ell^3+\frac{-17}{32}\ell^2+\frac{23}{48}\ell+\frac{-707}{4320} }{z^5_{\phantom{p}}} ~\) \(\displaystyle ~+ \frac{\frac{ 1}{32}\ell^5+\frac{-77}{384}\ell^4+\frac{37}{64}\ell^3+\frac{-83}{96}\ell^2+\frac{1121}{1728}\ell + \frac{-1637}{8640} }{z^6_{\phantom{p}}} ~\) \(\displaystyle ~+ \frac{\frac{-1}{64}\ell^6+\frac{87}{640}\ell^5+\frac{-205}{384}\ell^4+\frac{443}{384}\ell^3+\frac{-1619}{1152}\ell^2+\frac{15427}{17280}\ell + \frac{-274133}{1209600} }{z^6} ~\) \(\displaystyle ~+ O\left(\frac{\ell^7}{z^8}\right) ~\)

where \(\ell\!=\!\ln(\pm z)\). Then, as in the definition, set \(~F_n\!=\!\mathrm{zex}^n\!\Big(f(z\!-\!n)\Big)\).

Case \(~\ell\!=\!\ln(-z)~\)

For \(~\ell\!=\!\ln(-z)~\), let \(x_{4,n}\) be solution of equation \(F_n(x_{4,n})=1\); then

\(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (8) ~ ~ ~ \mathrm{SuZex}(z) \approx F_n(x_{4,n}\!+\!z)\)

giving approximation of the superfunction of function Zex.

Case \(~\ell\!=\!\ln(z)~\)

For \(~\ell\!=\!\ln(z)~\), equation (6) gives another superfunction, let it be called \(\mathrm{SdZex}\),that approaches the fixed point 0 from below; then

\(\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\! (9) ~ ~ ~ \mathrm{SdZex}(z) \approx F_n(z_{4,n}\!+\!z)\)

for negative values of \(n\) and approproate \(z_{4,n}\), expression (9) can be considered as approximation of another superfunction of the transfer function Zex.


Several decimal digits of superfunctions can be evaluated using approximations (8) and (9) using calculations with just complex double arithmetics. Similar approach is used in the implementation of the two superfunctions of the exponential to base \(b=\exp^2(-1)=\exp(1/\mathrm e)\approx 1.444667861\) [1]. In that case, the transfer function \(\exp_b\) also has derivative unity at its fixed point \(L=\mathrm e\approx 2.718\)

References

  1. ↑ http://tori.ils.uec.ac.jp/PAPERS/2012e1eMcom2590.pdf H.Trappmann, D.Kouznetsov. Computation of the Two Regular Super-Exponentials to base exp(1/e). Mathematics of Computation, 2012 February 8. ISSN 1088-6842(e) ISSN 0025-5718(p)

Keywords

ArcLambertW, Iterate, Regular iteration Superfunction, SuTra, SuZex approximation, Zex,

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