Difference between revisions of "Science"

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'''Science''' ([[Наука]]) is way of satisfaction of the personal curiosity of researchers, based on concepts satisfying all the 6 axioms below:
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'''[[Science]]''' ([[Наука]]) is way of satisfaction of the personal curiosity of researchers, based on concepts satisfying all the 6 axioms below:
   
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'''S1. Applicability''': Each concept has certain limited range of validity, distinguishable from the empty set.
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'''S1. [[Applicability]]''': Each concept has certain limited range of validity, distinguishable from the empty set.
   
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'''S2. Verifiability''': In the terms of the already accepted concepts, some specific experiment with some specific result, that confirms the concept, can be described.
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'''S2. [[Verifiability]]''': In the terms of the already accepted concepts, some specific experiment with some specific result, that confirms the concept, can be described.
   
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'''S3. Refutability''': In the terms of the concept, some specific experiment with some specific result, that negates the concept, can be described.
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'''S3. [[Refutability]]''': In the terms of the concept, some specific experiment with some specific result, that negates the concept, can be described.
   
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'''S4. Self-consistency''': No internal contradictions of the concept are known.
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'''S4. [[Selfconsistency]]''': No internal contradictions of the concept are known.
   
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'''S5. Principle of correspondence''': It the range of validity of a new concept intersects the range of validity of another already accepted concept, then, the new concept either reproduces the results of the old concept, or indicates the way to refute it. (For example, the estimate of the range of validity of the old concept may be wrong.)
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'''S5. [[Principle of correspondence]]''': It the range of validity of a new concept intersects the range of validity of another already accepted concept, then, the new concept either reproduces the results of the old concept, or indicates the way to refute it. (For example, the estimate of the range of validity of the old concept may be wrong.)
   
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'''S6. Pluralism''': Mutually-contradictive concepts may coexist; if two concepts satisfying S1-S5 have some common range of validity, then, in this range, the simplest of them has priority.
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'''S6. [[Pluralism]]''': Mutually-contradictive concepts may coexist; if two concepts satisfying S1-S5 have some common range of validity, then, in this range, the simplest of them has priority.
   
 
The axioms above are considered as necessary properties of any [[scientific concept]].
  
The axioms above are considered as necessary properties of any [[scientific concept]].
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</ref>. No assumptions about wether the concept is true or not is assumed at the firs stage of the classification. The axioms S1-S6 does not say anything about correctness or wrongness of a concept.
 
</ref>. No assumptions about wether the concept is true or not is assumed at the firs stage of the classification. The axioms S1-S6 does not say anything about correctness or wrongness of a concept.
   
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Instead, the concept is supposed to have some (non empty) set of applicability.
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Instead, the concept is supposed to have some (non empty) set of [[applicability]].
 
The disqualification of concepts that are valid in all cases is based on the empiric observation that any "omnipotent" concept usually happen to make bad, non–correct predictions.
 
The disqualification of concepts that are valid in all cases is based on the empiric observation that any "omnipotent" concept usually happen to make bad, non–correct predictions.
   
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==Verifiability==
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==[[Verifiability]]==
 
It is important to link any concept to the semantic of the commonly accepted language. Therefore, the ability to describe some predictions of a scientific concept in some already accepted system of notations is essential.
  
It is important to link any concept to the semantic of the commonly accepted language. Therefore, the ability to describe some predictions of a scientific concept in some already accepted system of notations is essential.
   
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==Refutability==
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==[[Refutability]]==
 
Refutability is introduced by [[Karl Popper]]
  
Refutability is introduced by [[Karl Popper]]
 
<ref name="popper1">
  
<ref name="popper1">
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The idea of Popper is simple: if any result of any experiment can be interpreted in favor of some concept, this means, that no predictions can be done with this concept. In such a way, the axiom of refutability is pretty pragmatic.
  
The idea of Popper is simple: if any result of any experiment can be interpreted in favor of some concept, this means, that no predictions can be done with this concept. In such a way, the axiom of refutability is pretty pragmatic.
   
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==[[Selfconsistency]]==
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==Self–consistency==
  
 
The ability to share the knowledge is very attractive. For the spread of knowledge, it is important that various colleagues, using the concept, come to the same conclusions and predictions. Any internal contradiction allows opposite predictions. Any [[dialectic]]s should be excluded at very beginning.
  
The ability to share the knowledge is very attractive. For the spread of knowledge, it is important that various colleagues, using the concept, come to the same conclusions and predictions. Any internal contradiction allows opposite predictions. Any [[dialectic]]s should be excluded at very beginning.
   
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==Correspondence==
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==[[Principle of correspondence|Correspondence]]==
   
 
The scientific concept may be correct or wrong.
  
The scientific concept may be correct or wrong.
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In such a way, the definition of science is ready to the strongest [[scientific revolutions]], including the break of the laws of arithmetics, if such a break is explicitly declared.
  
In such a way, the definition of science is ready to the strongest [[scientific revolutions]], including the break of the laws of arithmetics, if such a break is explicitly declared.
   
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==Pluralism==
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==[[Pluralism]]==
 
Due to the axiom S5, any new research, new result, the scientific revolution
  
Due to the axiom S5, any new research, new result, the scientific revolution
 
<ref name="kuhn">
  
<ref name="kuhn">
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Term science may be used also in meanings, different from the definition above. In particular, science may mean also '''relatively legal way to wash–out the money the government assigns to the fundamental research'''; in this meaning the term is used in the professional unions of pseudo-scientists like the [[RAEN]]. For example, according to such a definition, even the [[gravitsapa]] (that concept contradicts the law of conservation of energy-momentum) is interpreted as the scientific achievement.
  
Term science may be used also in meanings, different from the definition above. In particular, science may mean also '''relatively legal way to wash–out the money the government assigns to the fundamental research'''; in this meaning the term is used in the professional unions of pseudo-scientists like the [[RAEN]]. For example, according to such a definition, even the [[gravitsapa]] (that concept contradicts the law of conservation of energy-momentum) is interpreted as the scientific achievement.
   
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There are many "intermediate" intepretations of science at various [[wiki]]s
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There are many "intermediate"
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interpretations of science at various [[wiki]]s
 
<ref name="wp">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science
  
<ref name="wp">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science
 
</ref><ref name="cz">http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Science
  
</ref><ref name="cz">http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Science
 
</ref><ref name="wof">http://wikiofscience.wikidot.com/methods:science</ref>.
  
</ref><ref name="wof">http://wikiofscience.wikidot.com/methods:science</ref>.
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Often, the definitions impliy the pretension of science for some [[objective knowledge]].
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Often, the definitions imply the pretension of science for some [[objective knowledge]].
 
The historic development of the human civilization and evolution of the concepts do not support such a claim; for this reason, the axiomatic definition of the preamble is used in [[TORI]].
  
The historic development of the human civilization and evolution of the concepts do not support such a claim; for this reason, the axiomatic definition of the preamble is used in [[TORI]].
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==Goal of science==
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The goal of science is satisfaction of curiosity of researchers.
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The applications to technology, industry, business, wars, health, sport, etc. appears as by-products.
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The goal mentioned implied the freedom of research.
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Since century 20, this requrement is recognized as necessary condition
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for development of science
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<ref>https://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/nsf50/vbush1945.htm#ch6.3
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Vannevar Bush. Science The Endless Frontier. 1945.07.25.
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..
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Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. Freedom of inquiry must be preserved under any plan for Government support of science
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</ref>.
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The attempts to submit science to goals of the application lead to the profanation, destruction of science. This approach is denoted with term [[mission driven]]
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<ref>
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https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.4555
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Charles Day. Endless front matter. Physics Today 73, 9, 8 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4555
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</ref>.
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it is doubtful, if these two words should be applied to [[science]], or some other term should be used insteaqd of science after words "[[mission driven]]".
   
 
==References==
  
==References==
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The Russian version of this article [[Наука]] is available also at http://samlib.ru/k/kuznecow_d_j/hayka.shtml
  
The Russian version of this article [[Наука]] is available also at http://samlib.ru/k/kuznecow_d_j/hayka.shtml
   
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==Keywords==
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[[Applicability]],
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[[Verifiability]],
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[[Refutability]],
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[[Self-consistency]],
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[[Principle of correspondence]],
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[[Pluralism]],
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[[Place of Science in the Human Knowledge]],
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[[TORI axioms]]
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  ⚫
[[Category:English]]
 
[[Category:Science]]
  
[[Category:Science]]
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[[Category:Articles in English]]
  
 
[[Category:Philosophy]]
  
[[Category:Philosophy]]
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[[Category:Drafts]]
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[[Category:TORI]]

Latest revision as of 21:00, 25 October 2020

Science (Наука) is way of satisfaction of the personal curiosity of researchers, based on concepts satisfying all the 6 axioms below:

S1. Applicability: Each concept has certain limited range of validity, distinguishable from the empty set.

S2. Verifiability: In the terms of the already accepted concepts, some specific experiment with some specific result, that confirms the concept, can be described.

S3. Refutability: In the terms of the concept, some specific experiment with some specific result, that negates the concept, can be described.

S4. Selfconsistency: No internal contradictions of the concept are known.

S5. Principle of correspondence: It the range of validity of a new concept intersects the range of validity of another already accepted concept, then, the new concept either reproduces the results of the old concept, or indicates the way to refute it. (For example, the estimate of the range of validity of the old concept may be wrong.)

S6. Pluralism: Mutually-contradictive concepts may coexist; if two concepts satisfying S1-S5 have some common range of validity, then, in this range, the simplest of them has priority.

The axioms above are considered as necessary properties of any scientific concept. These axioms are suggested to be considered as core of the science that remains through all the scientific revolutions; the governmental support of the research based on a concept that does not satisfy at least one of the axioms above should be qualified as fraud [1][2].

The Axioms above are declared at the Main page of TORI. The sections below explain, why each of them is necessary.

"Eureka!" (EPS painting)

True knowledge

The main goal of the classification of knowledge is to distinguish science from pseudo-science [3]. No assumptions about wether the concept is true or not is assumed at the firs stage of the classification. The axioms S1-S6 does not say anything about correctness or wrongness of a concept.

Instead, the concept is supposed to have some (non empty) set of applicability. The disqualification of concepts that are valid in all cases is based on the empiric observation that any "omnipotent" concept usually happen to make bad, non–correct predictions.

Verifiability

It is important to link any concept to the semantic of the commonly accepted language. Therefore, the ability to describe some predictions of a scientific concept in some already accepted system of notations is essential.

Refutability

Refutability is introduced by Karl Popper [4][5][6], although the word falsifiability he uses is ambiguous; therefore, in TORI, the term refutability is used. This terminology is discussed in the article Place of science in the human knowledge.

The idea of Popper is simple: if any result of any experiment can be interpreted in favor of some concept, this means, that no predictions can be done with this concept. In such a way, the axiom of refutability is pretty pragmatic.

Selfconsistency

The ability to share the knowledge is very attractive. For the spread of knowledge, it is important that various colleagues, using the concept, come to the same conclusions and predictions. Any internal contradiction allows opposite predictions. Any dialectics should be excluded at very beginning.

Correspondence

The scientific concept may be correct or wrong. Correctness means the ability to describe the reality, to make the efficient, useful predictions.

Every scientific concept should allow the negation, the refutation of itself. One may negate the postulate of the conservation if number of atoms of each kind in an isolated system; one may negate the trajectory as universal way of description of movement of a physical object; one may negate the law of conservation of the energy-momentum or negate the axioms of arithmetics. However, contradiction to the already accepted concepts should be explicitly declared by the authors.

The scientific knowledge is not considered as true or false. The axioms above are just tools that seem to be strong enough to survive any revolutions.

The principle of correspondence is important as a latch that does not allow to lost a knowledge during a scientific revolution.

If some scientific research is based on the negation of the law of conservation of number of atoms in some reactions, this should be explicitly declared; and it should be indicated, in which case one still can use this law.
If some scientific research is based on the negation of the possibility of the simultaneous measurement of the coordinate and the momentum of a particle, this should be declared.
If some research is based on the negation of the law of conservation of momentum, this should be revealed by the authors, and the authors should indicate, in which cases one still can use the Laws of Newton.
If some research is based on the negation of the laws of arithmetics, this could be a great scientific revolution (making prudent, for example, the financial piramides). But it should be indicated, in which conditions the sum still does not depend on the order of summands.

If come research claims that the kind of the tree is determined by the conditions (not by the kind of the seed from which it grows), it should be indicated, in which cases the seed of birch still grows into the birch, not to a pine.

In such a way, the definition of science is ready to the strongest scientific revolutions, including the break of the laws of arithmetics, if such a break is explicitly declared.

Pluralism

Due to the axiom S5, any new research, new result, the scientific revolution [7] is supposed to adjust the range of applicability of the old concepts rather than the total negation. In such a way, the axiom S5 does not allow the reduction, decrease, degradation of knowledge. The scientific concept should not pretend to be "the only true".

Other meanings of the term science

Term science may be used also in meanings, different from the definition above. In particular, science may mean also relatively legal way to wash–out the money the government assigns to the fundamental research; in this meaning the term is used in the professional unions of pseudo-scientists like the RAEN. For example, according to such a definition, even the gravitsapa (that concept contradicts the law of conservation of energy-momentum) is interpreted as the scientific achievement.

There are many "intermediate" interpretations of science at various wikis [8][9][10]. Often, the definitions imply the pretension of science for some objective knowledge. The historic development of the human civilization and evolution of the concepts do not support such a claim; for this reason, the axiomatic definition of the preamble is used in TORI.

Goal of science

The goal of science is satisfaction of curiosity of researchers. The applications to technology, industry, business, wars, health, sport, etc. appears as by-products.

The goal mentioned implied the freedom of research. Since century 20, this requrement is recognized as necessary condition for development of science [11].


The attempts to submit science to goals of the application lead to the profanation, destruction of science. This approach is denoted with term mission driven [12]. it is doubtful, if these two words should be applied to science, or some other term should be used insteaqd of science after words "mission driven".

References

  1. ↑ http://pphmj.com/abstract/5076.htm D.Kouznetsov. Support of non-traditional concepts. Far East Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Physics, 1, No.1, p.1-6 (2010)
  2. ↑ http://ufn.ru/tribune/trib120111 D.Kouznetsov. Place of science and physics in the human knowledge. Physics-Uspekhi, v.181, Трибуна, p.1-9 (2011, in Russian)
  3. ↑ http://www2.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/About/lakatos/scienceAndPseudoscienceTranscript.aspx Appraising Lakatos. Science and Pseudoscience. (1975).
  4. ↑ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/popper_falsification.html Karl R. Popper. Science as falsification. Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations. London: Routledge and Keagan Paul, 1963, pp. 33-39.
  5. ↑ Karl Popper. Science: Conjectures and refutations. - 'Philosophy of Science: a Personal Report', in British Philosophy in Mid-Century, ed. C. A. Mace, 1957.
  6. ↑ http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1961-02882-000 Popper, Karl R. The logic of scientific discovery. Oxford, England: Basic Books. (1959).
  7. ↑ http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/rarneson/courses/kuhn1.pdf Thomas S. Kuhn. Structure of scientific revolutions. (1962)
  8. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science
  9. ↑ http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Science
  10. ↑ http://wikiofscience.wikidot.com/methods:science
  11. ↑ https://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/nsf50/vbush1945.htm#ch6.3 Vannevar Bush. Science The Endless Frontier. 1945.07.25. .. Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. Freedom of inquiry must be preserved under any plan for Government support of science
  12. ↑ https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.4555 Charles Day. Endless front matter. Physics Today 73, 9, 8 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4555

The basic statements of this text appear also in the article Place of science in the human knowledge.
The preliminary version of this article is available at http://samlib.ru/k/kuznecow_d_j/science.shtml
The Russian version of this article Наука is available also at http://samlib.ru/k/kuznecow_d_j/hayka.shtml

Keywords

Applicability, Verifiability, Refutability, Self-consistency, Principle of correspondence, Pluralism,

Place of Science in the Human Knowledge, TORI axioms

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