Difference between revisions of "Pu-241"
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mass: 241.057 [[amu]] |
mass: 241.057 [[amu]] |
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| + | halflife |
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| + | <ref> |
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| + | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022190273803471 |
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| + | R.K.Zeigler, Yvonne Ferris. Half-life of plutonium-241. |
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| + | Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. |
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| + | Volume 35, Issue 10, October 1973, Pages 3417-3418. |
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| + | .. The half-life of $^{241}$Pu was found to be 14·89 ± 0·11 yr. .. |
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| + | </ref>: 14.89 ± 0.11 yr. |
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| + | Energy of the spontaneous decay of [[Pu-241]]: 21 [[KeV]] ;<br> |
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| − | [[U-238]] + n $ \rightarrow$ [[Np-239]] + $\beta^-$ |
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| + | then, the resulting [[Am-241]] gives 4.959 [[MeV]]. |
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| ⚫ | |||
| − | [[Np-239]] $ \xrightarrow[~]{\beta^-}$ [[Pu-239]] |
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| + | Isotopes of [[Plutonium]] appear in the commercial nuclear plants as by-products. |
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| + | <div style="margin:-18px -14px 0px -200px; background-color:#fff"> |
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| + | <div style="margin:0px 0px 0px 30px; line-height:1.2em"><br> |
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| + | <math>\mathrm{^{238}_{\ 92}U\ \xrightarrow {(n,\gamma)} \ ^{239}_{\ 92}U\ \xrightarrow [23.5 \ min]{\beta^-} \ ^{239}_{\ 93}Np\ \xrightarrow [2.3565 \ d]{\beta^-} \ ^{239}_{\ 94}Pu}</math> |
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| + | The capture of two neutrons by <sup>239</sup>Pu (a so-called (n,γ) reaction), followed by a β-decay, results in <sup>241</sup>Am: |
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| − | [[Pu-239]] + n $ \rightarrow$ [[Pu-240]] |
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| + | \( \mathrm{^{239}_{\ 94}Pu\ \xrightarrow {2~(n,\gamma)} \ ^{241}_{\ 94}Pu\ \xrightarrow [15 \ yr]{\beta^-} \ ^{241}_{\ 95}Am} \) |
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| − | [[Pu-240]] + n $ \rightarrow$ [[Pu-241]] |
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Most or nuclear reactors have significant concentration of [[U-238]] in the active rods; so, production of plutonium happens automatically, |
Most or nuclear reactors have significant concentration of [[U-238]] in the active rods; so, production of plutonium happens automatically, |
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==Using== |
==Using== |
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| + | \( |
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| − | $ |
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\rm |
\rm |
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| − | ^{241}_{~94}Pu \xrightarrow[15 |
+ | ^{241}_{~94}Pu \xrightarrow[15~y]{\beta^-,~ 21\,KeV} {} |
^{241}_{~95}Am \xrightarrow[432.7\,y]{\alpha,\, 4.959\,MeV} |
^{241}_{~95}Am \xrightarrow[432.7\,y]{\alpha,\, 4.959\,MeV} |
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{}^{237}_{~96}Np \xrightarrow[2.4 \times 10^6\,y]{\alpha,~4.958 \,MeV} |
{}^{237}_{~96}Np \xrightarrow[2.4 \times 10^6\,y]{\alpha,~4.958 \,MeV} |
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\mathrm{^{233}_{91}Pa} ~.\,.\,. |
\mathrm{^{233}_{91}Pa} ~.\,.\,. |
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| + | \) |
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| − | $ |
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| + | |||
| + | The resulting Americium appears in significant amount in the [[nuclear waste]] and is reported to be important (and even dominant) contaminant since some tens of years since the nuclear disasters. |
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| + | <ref> |
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| + | 2008.08.oo. https://web.archive.org/web/20110525233310/http://www.nda.gov.uk/documents/ upload/Plutonium-Options-for-Comment-August-2008.pdf NDA Plutonium Options. SMS Plutonium Topic Strategy, August 2008 - October 2008. Table 1: Examples of the types of variation in plutonium composition produced from different sources |
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| + | </ref><ref>2016.05.23. http://greenbelarus.info/articles/23-05-2016/eho-chernobylya-kak-smertelno-opasnyy-produkt-raspada-plutoniya-americiy Андрей Скурко. Эхо Чернобыля: как смертельно опасный америций угрожает здоровью и жизни беларусов? ЗЯЛЁНЫ ПАРТАЛ, 2016.05.23. |
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| + | </ref> |
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| + | |||
| + | As soon, as the collection and extraction of the Americium, Plutonium and other isotopes from the nuclear waste is arranged, the question arise about the applications. One such application is described in utopia [[Tartaria]] mentioned below. |
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==Fiction == |
==Fiction == |
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With this specification, company [[Norga warm]] gets the huge federal grant, promising to manufacture an example of such a heater within two years. The laboratory is constructed to select, separate, rectify the nuclear waste and contaminated soul. It grows up to a big factory, |
With this specification, company [[Norga warm]] gets the huge federal grant, promising to manufacture an example of such a heater within two years. The laboratory is constructed to select, separate, rectify the nuclear waste and contaminated soul. It grows up to a big factory, |
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but the goal declared seem to be unreachable. In the waste they work with, no one isotope allows to satisfy the criteria declared. |
but the goal declared seem to be unreachable. In the waste they work with, no one isotope allows to satisfy the criteria declared. |
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| − | The project is about to be qualified as a [[fraud]] and the [[money laundering]], with catastrophic sequences for the [[Mozdok |
+ | The project is about to be qualified as a [[fraud]] and the [[money laundering]], with catastrophic sequences for the [[Mozdok Tsuker]], owner of the [[Norga warm]]. |
| − | One visitor-scientist, [[Ruvim |
+ | One visitor-scientist, [[Ruvim Pechor]], happens at the [[Norga warm]]. Ruvim suggests the compound heating substance, containing, roughly, 8 kg of [[Am-241]] and 2 kg of [[Pu-241]]. |
During some tens of years, the depletion of [[Am-241]] is partially compensated by conversion of [[Pu-241]] into [[Am-241]]. |
During some tens of years, the depletion of [[Am-241]] is partially compensated by conversion of [[Pu-241]] into [[Am-241]]. |
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| − | The heat due to the [[beta decay]] of [[Pu-241]] is negligible, but the [[alfa decay]] of [[Am-241]], due to the partial recovery of its |
+ | The heat due to the [[beta decay]] of [[Pu-241]] is negligible, but the [[alfa decay]] of [[Am-241]], due to the partial recovery of its amount, provides the stability declared. |
Ruvim Pechor illustrates his project with the explicit plot, simulation of the heat generation versus time. At the diagram, the starting point of the device corresponds to abscissa of order of "40 years". |
Ruvim Pechor illustrates his project with the explicit plot, simulation of the heat generation versus time. At the diagram, the starting point of the device corresponds to abscissa of order of "40 years". |
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No other way to save the project is suggested; so, the head of project orders his staff to follow recommendation by [[Ruvim Pechir]]; Ruvim gets title "top scientist" of the [[Norga warm]] company. The top chemist, attractive woman ([[Pesia Zivertov]]) makes the special rectification machines and extracts the required amount of [[Am-241]] and [[Pu-241]]. Then, the top engineer |
No other way to save the project is suggested; so, the head of project orders his staff to follow recommendation by [[Ruvim Pechir]]; Ruvim gets title "top scientist" of the [[Norga warm]] company. The top chemist, attractive woman ([[Pesia Zivertov]]) makes the special rectification machines and extracts the required amount of [[Am-241]] and [[Pu-241]]. Then, the top engineer |
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([[Femistolkus Zalipaev]]) packs this to Zirconium tubes; the resulting apparatus is called [[Century Heater]]. This name is shortened to "C-Heater", then to "Cheater". Them the short name is "translated" into Russian as [[Сплeтник]], and transliterated back into English as [[Spletnik]]; this name becomes the usual term to denote the device. |
([[Femistolkus Zalipaev]]) packs this to Zirconium tubes; the resulting apparatus is called [[Century Heater]]. This name is shortened to "C-Heater", then to "Cheater". Them the short name is "translated" into Russian as [[Сплeтник]], and transliterated back into English as [[Spletnik]]; this name becomes the usual term to denote the device. |
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| − | |||
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But he is interested mainly in the scientific part of the project, and express his critical opinion about the commercial applications of the device: its manufatruting is very expensive, while the power (one kiloWatt) is not so high, and, due to the high cost, cannot be significantly improved |
But he is interested mainly in the scientific part of the project, and express his critical opinion about the commercial applications of the device: its manufatruting is very expensive, while the power (one kiloWatt) is not so high, and, due to the high cost, cannot be significantly improved |
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that make heaters for greenhouses, gets the Federal Grant for decontamination of Tartaria from the unstable isotopes that contaminate the most of the territory since the horrible war [[Bigpuf]] between the Russian criminal bands. |
that make heaters for greenhouses, gets the Federal Grant for decontamination of Tartaria from the unstable isotopes that contaminate the most of the territory since the horrible war [[Bigpuf]] between the Russian criminal bands. |
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!--> |
!--> |
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| + | |||
| + | ==Formula of the invention== |
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| + | |||
| + | Device on the spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, characterized in that, <br> |
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| + | that, in order to reduce variation of the generated power, |
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| + | the mixture of isotopes is used in such a way, that the depletion of the main working isotope is partially compensated by the decay of its parent isotope. <br> |
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| + | The example of such a mixture, [[Pu-241]] and [[Am-241]], is mentioned in the previous section. |
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| + | |||
| + | If someone finds a publication with such (or equivalent) description, them, please, communicate the Editor of TORI. |
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| + | |||
| + | ==Waring== |
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| + | |||
| + | The most of data are from Wikipedia. |
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| + | |||
| + | Some additional misprints from Wikipedia may appear here in addition to those made by the Editor of [[TORI]]. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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<references/> |
<references/> |
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| + | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium-241 |
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| + | |||
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-241 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-241 |
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| + | |||
| + | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOX_fuel All plutonium isotopes are either fissile or fertile, although [[plutonium-242]] needs to absorb 3 neutrons before becoming fissile [[curium]]-245; in thermal reactors isotopic degradation limits the plutonium recycle potential. About 1% of [[spent nuclear fuel]] from current [[LWR]]s is plutonium, with approximate isotopic composition Pu-239 52%, Pu-240 24%, Pu-241 15%, Pu-242 6%, Pu-238 2%. <br> |
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| + | https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOX-топливо Плутоний составляет порядка 1% от |
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| + | облучённого ядерного топлива. Приблизительное изотопное соотношение: Pu-239 52%, Pu-240 24%, Pu-241 15%, Pu-242 6%, Pu-238 2%. |
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| + | |||
| + | 2008.08.oo. |
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| + | https://web.archive.org/web/20110525233310/http://www.nda.gov.uk/documents/ upload/Plutonium-Options-for-Comment-August-2008.pdf NDA Plutonium Options. SMS Plutonium Topic Strategy, August 2008 - October 2008. Table 1: Examples of the types of variation in plutonium composition produced from different sources |
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| + | |||
| + | 2016.05.23. |
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| + | http://greenbelarus.info/articles/23-05-2016/eho-chernobylya-kak-smertelno-opasnyy-produkt-raspada-plutoniya-americiy Андрей Скурко. Эхо Чернобыля: как смертельно опасный америций угрожает здоровью |
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| + | и жизни беларусов? ЗЯЛЁНЫ ПАРТАЛ, 2016.05.23. |
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| + | |||
==Keywords== |
==Keywords== |
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[[Am-241]], |
[[Am-241]], |
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| − | [[Relaxation heat]] |
+ | [[Relaxation heat]], |
| + | [[Tartaria03]] |
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[[Category:Am-241]] |
[[Category:Am-241]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:21, 20 July 2022
Pu-241 is isotope of Plutonium.
mass: 241.057 amu
halflife [1]: 14.89 ± 0.11 yr.
Energy of the spontaneous decay of Pu-241: 21 KeV ;
then, the resulting Am-241 gives 4.959 MeV.
Production
Isotopes of Plutonium appear in the commercial nuclear plants as by-products.
\(\mathrm{^{238}_{\ 92}U\ \xrightarrow {(n,\gamma)} \ ^{239}_{\ 92}U\ \xrightarrow [23.5 \ min]{\beta^-} \ ^{239}_{\ 93}Np\ \xrightarrow [2.3565 \ d]{\beta^-} \ ^{239}_{\ 94}Pu}\)
The capture of two neutrons by 239Pu (a so-called (n,γ) reaction), followed by a β-decay, results in 241Am:
\( \mathrm{^{239}_{\ 94}Pu\ \xrightarrow {2~(n,\gamma)} \ ^{241}_{\ 94}Pu\ \xrightarrow [15 \ yr]{\beta^-} \ ^{241}_{\ 95}Am} \)
Most or nuclear reactors have significant concentration of U-238 in the active rods; so, production of plutonium happens automatically, whether it is wanted of not.
At accidents with nuclear plants, isotopes of Plutonium appear as one of main contaminants. Then, it decays to Americium, that becomes the main contaminant at the scale larger than a century.
Using
\( \rm ^{241}_{~94}Pu \xrightarrow[15~y]{\beta^-,~ 21\,KeV} {} ^{241}_{~95}Am \xrightarrow[432.7\,y]{\alpha,\, 4.959\,MeV} {}^{237}_{~96}Np \xrightarrow[2.4 \times 10^6\,y]{\alpha,~4.958 \,MeV} \mathrm{^{233}_{91}Pa} ~.\,.\,. \)
The resulting Americium appears in significant amount in the nuclear waste and is reported to be important (and even dominant) contaminant since some tens of years since the nuclear disasters. [2][3]
As soon, as the collection and extraction of the Americium, Plutonium and other isotopes from the nuclear waste is arranged, the question arise about the applications. One such application is described in utopia Tartaria mentioned below.
Fiction
The cascade decay above is described in Utopia Tartaria.
One impostors, pretending to be a specialist, declares, that from the nuclear waste and contaminated soil, he can make warming devices based on the decay heat. Such a heater is declared to produce a kilowatt power during a century, with relative variation of this power within 10%. With this specification, company Norga warm gets the huge federal grant, promising to manufacture an example of such a heater within two years. The laboratory is constructed to select, separate, rectify the nuclear waste and contaminated soul. It grows up to a big factory, but the goal declared seem to be unreachable. In the waste they work with, no one isotope allows to satisfy the criteria declared. The project is about to be qualified as a fraud and the money laundering, with catastrophic sequences for the Mozdok Tsuker, owner of the Norga warm.
One visitor-scientist, Ruvim Pechor, happens at the Norga warm. Ruvim suggests the compound heating substance, containing, roughly, 8 kg of Am-241 and 2 kg of Pu-241. During some tens of years, the depletion of Am-241 is partially compensated by conversion of Pu-241 into Am-241. The heat due to the beta decay of Pu-241 is negligible, but the alfa decay of Am-241, due to the partial recovery of its amount, provides the stability declared. Ruvim Pechor illustrates his project with the explicit plot, simulation of the heat generation versus time. At the diagram, the starting point of the device corresponds to abscissa of order of "40 years".
No other way to save the project is suggested; so, the head of project orders his staff to follow recommendation by Ruvim Pechir; Ruvim gets title "top scientist" of the Norga warm company. The top chemist, attractive woman (Pesia Zivertov) makes the special rectification machines and extracts the required amount of Am-241 and Pu-241. Then, the top engineer (Femistolkus Zalipaev) packs this to Zirconium tubes; the resulting apparatus is called Century Heater. This name is shortened to "C-Heater", then to "Cheater". Them the short name is "translated" into Russian as Сплeтник, and transliterated back into English as Spletnik; this name becomes the usual term to denote the device.
Formula of the invention
Device on the spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, characterized in that,
that, in order to reduce variation of the generated power,
the mixture of isotopes is used in such a way, that the depletion of the main working isotope is partially compensated by the decay of its parent isotope.
The example of such a mixture, Pu-241 and Am-241, is mentioned in the previous section.
If someone finds a publication with such (or equivalent) description, them, please, communicate the Editor of TORI.
Waring
The most of data are from Wikipedia.
Some additional misprints from Wikipedia may appear here in addition to those made by the Editor of TORI.
References
- ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022190273803471 R.K.Zeigler, Yvonne Ferris. Half-life of plutonium-241. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. Volume 35, Issue 10, October 1973, Pages 3417-3418. .. The half-life of $^{241}$Pu was found to be 14·89 ± 0·11 yr. ..
- ↑ 2008.08.oo. https://web.archive.org/web/20110525233310/http://www.nda.gov.uk/documents/ upload/Plutonium-Options-for-Comment-August-2008.pdf NDA Plutonium Options. SMS Plutonium Topic Strategy, August 2008 - October 2008. Table 1: Examples of the types of variation in plutonium composition produced from different sources
- ↑ 2016.05.23. http://greenbelarus.info/articles/23-05-2016/eho-chernobylya-kak-smertelno-opasnyy-produkt-raspada-plutoniya-americiy Андрей Скурко. Эхо Чернобыля: как смертельно опасный америций угрожает здоровью и жизни беларусов? ЗЯЛЁНЫ ПАРТАЛ, 2016.05.23.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium-241
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-241
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOX_fuel All plutonium isotopes are either fissile or fertile, although plutonium-242 needs to absorb 3 neutrons before becoming fissile curium-245; in thermal reactors isotopic degradation limits the plutonium recycle potential. About 1% of spent nuclear fuel from current LWRs is plutonium, with approximate isotopic composition Pu-239 52%, Pu-240 24%, Pu-241 15%, Pu-242 6%, Pu-238 2%.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOX-топливо Плутоний составляет порядка 1% от
облучённого ядерного топлива. Приблизительное изотопное соотношение: Pu-239 52%, Pu-240 24%, Pu-241 15%, Pu-242 6%, Pu-238 2%.
2008.08.oo. https://web.archive.org/web/20110525233310/http://www.nda.gov.uk/documents/ upload/Plutonium-Options-for-Comment-August-2008.pdf NDA Plutonium Options. SMS Plutonium Topic Strategy, August 2008 - October 2008. Table 1: Examples of the types of variation in plutonium composition produced from different sources
2016.05.23. http://greenbelarus.info/articles/23-05-2016/eho-chernobylya-kak-smertelno-opasnyy-produkt-raspada-plutoniya-americiy Андрей Скурко. Эхо Чернобыля: как смертельно опасный америций угрожает здоровью и жизни беларусов? ЗЯЛЁНЫ ПАРТАЛ, 2016.05.23.