Iterate of exponential

Iteration of exponent of real argument; $y=\exp^n(x)$ versus $x$ for various $n$

$u\!+\!\mathrm i v=\exp^1(x\!+\!\mathrm i y)=\exp(x\!+\!\mathrm i y)$

$u+\mathrm i v=\exp^{0.9}(x+\mathrm i y)$

$u+\mathrm i v=\exp^{0.5}(x+\mathrm i y)$

$u+\mathrm i v=\exp^{0.1}(x+\mathrm i y)$

Iteration of exponential (or Iteration of rxponent) is function $f(z)=\exp^n(z)$, where upper superscript indicates the number of iteration.

In TORI, the number in superscript after a name of any function denotes the number of iteration. This notation is neither new, nor original; Walter Bergweiler had used it in century 20 .

Integer and non-integer $n$

This article is under construction. Wait for few days before to use it. 01:37, 27 July 2013 (JST)

The most often are the first iteration of exponent, $n=1$; $\exp^1=\exp$

and the minus first iteration, $n=-1$; $\exp^{-1} = \ln$.

Less often they appear with $n = \pm 2$; $\exp^2(z)=\exp(\exp(z))$, and $\exp^{-2}(z)=\ln(\ln(z))$. Other values of number of iteration are not usual, and until 2008, there was no regular way to evaluate iteration of exponential for any non–integer number $n$ of iteration. However, with tetration tet, that is superfunction of exponent, and Arctetration ate, that is Abel function of exponent, the $n$th iteration can be expressed as follows:

$\exp^n(z)=\mathrm{tet}(n+\mathrm{ate}(z))$

Iimplementation

Representation of $\exp^n$ through function tet and ate defines the $n$th iterate of exponential for any complex number $n$ of iterations. Methods for the evaluation are described in 2009 by D.Kouznetsov in Mathematics of Computation , and the efficient C++ complex double implementation are described in 2010 in Vladikavkaz mathematical Journal in Russian; the English version is also loaded . WIth known properties and the efficient implementation, functions tet, ate and non–integer ietrations of the exponent shouls be qualified as special functions; in computation, one can access them as if they would be elementary functions. The complex doube implementations of functions tet and ate are loaded to TORI, see fsexp.cin and fslog.cin; they seem to run well at various operational systems; at least under Linux and Macintosh. Reports of any problems of the use or reproducible bugs should be appreciated.

Complex maps of the $n$th iteration of exponential is shown in figures at right with lines $u=\Re(f(x+\mathrm i y))$ and lines $v=\Im(f(x+\mathrm i y))$ for various values $n$.

Cut lines

While $n$ is not integer, $\exp^n(z)$ is holomorphic in the complex plane with two cut lines $\Re(z)\le \Re(L), Im(z)=\pm \Im(L)$, where $L\approx 0.3+1.3 \mathrm i$ is fixed point of logarithm, id est, solution of equation

$L=\ln(L)$.

In the figures at right, one of these cuts is seen; it is marked with dashed line. The additional levels $\Re(L)$ for the real part of $\exp^n$ and $\Im(L)$ for the imaginary part are drown with thick green lines; of course, these lines cross at branch point $L$.

In addition, for negative number of iterations (and, in particular, for $n=-1$), there is cut line along the negative part of the real axis.

Keywords

Abel function, Arctetration, Exponent, Iteration, Superfunction, Tetration,,,,,,,