Zooming equation

Zooming equation is tentative name for the equation

(1) \(~ ~ ~ T\big(f(z)\big)= f( K\, z)~\)

where \(~T~\) is some given function such that \(T(0)\!=\!0\) and \(~K~\) is constant, that depends on \(T\). Usually, it is assumed that \(K\) is positive real number, id est, \(K>0\), and \(T\) is real–holomorphic, at least in some vicinity of zero, and \(~K\!=\!T'(0)~\). Function \(~f~\) is requested to built-up.

The physical sense of function \(~T~\) is transfer function; it describes the variation of value of function \(~f~\) at the scaling, zooming of its argument with factor \(~K~\).

The tentative name for the solution \(~f~\) of the zooming equation is zooming function.

Schroeder equation

The solution \(~f\) of the zooming equation is related to the solution \(~g~\) of the Schroeder equation

(2) \(~ ~ ~ g\big(T(z)\big)= K \, g(z) \)

it is assumed that \(~f=g^{-1}\) and \(~g=f^{-1}\), id est, in wide ranges of values of \(z\), the relations below hold:

(3) \(~ ~ ~ f(g(z))=z\)

(4) \(~ ~ ~ g(f(z))=z\)

Regular iteration

Regular iteration is procedure that leads to non-integer iterates of a transfer function, that are regular in some vicinity of its fixed point. Term Regular iteration had been suggested in 1958 by G. Seekers .

Assuming that zero is fixed point of the transfer function \(~T~\) is holomorphioc (regular) in vicinity of zero, the zooming function \(~f~\) and the Schroeder function \(~g\!=\!f^{-1}~\) can be used to construct the non–integer iterate \(~T^n~\), that is regular in vicinity of zero, id est, the regular iterate

(5) \(\displaystyle ~ ~ ~ T^n(z)=f\Big(k^n\, g(z)\Big)\)

Such a rule can be extended to the cases of other fixed points \(~L~\), performing the corresponding transform of the transfer function from \(~T~\) to \(~t~\), assuming that

(6) \(~ ~ ~ t(z)=T(z\!+\!L)-L\)

and treating \(~t~\) as a new transfer function with fixed point zero. After to construct iterates of function \(~t~\), regular at zero, the \(~r\)th iteration of function \(~T~\), regular at \(~L~\), can be expressed as

(7) \(~ ~ ~ T^n(z)=t^n(z\!-\!L)+L\)

If the transfer function \(~T~\) has more than one fixed points, then, the non-integer iterate \(~T^n~\), regular at one of these fixed points, has no need to be regular at another fixed point; another fixed point may be branchpoint . The non-integer iterates of various functions can be constructed also with the superfunction and Abel function, considering the transfer equation instead of the zooming equation .

Inverse problem

In principle, any holomorphic functions \(f\) and \(g\!=\!f^{-1}\), such that \(f(0)=g(0)=0\), for any number \(K\), can be declared to be zooming function and Schroeder function for the transfer function \(T(z)\!=\! f(K\, g(z))\). Then, the iterates of such a transfer function is straightforward, \(T^n\!=\! f(K^n\, g(z))\).

The expressions above can be used to construct table of zooming functions and Abel functions. One take any pair of holomorphic functions \(f\) and \(g\!=\!f^{-1}\), calculate \(T(z)\!=\! f(K\, g(z))\). If the simplification of this function fits the width of the column of the table, it can be declared as "transfer function, for with the zooming function and Schroeder function are constructed", and added to the table, together with corresponding \(f\) and \(g\).

Asymptotic expansion

If function \(T\) is known, and \(T^{-1}\) is fixed, but \(f\) and \(g\) are not known, these \(f\) and \(g\) can be constructed thrush their asymptotic expansions at small values of the argument. Assuming that \(T\) is regular at zero, expand is ax follows:

(11) \(~ ~ ~ T(z)=K z + a_2 z^2 + a_3 z^3 + ..\)

Assume, that \(K\ne 0\) and \(K\ne 1\). Then K is the zooming coefficient, and the asymptotic expansion can be searched in the following way:

(12) \(~ ~ ~ f(z)=K z + c_2 z^2 + c_3 z^3+ ..\)

Then the right hand side of the zooming equation expands as follows:

(13) \(~ ~ ~ f(K z)=K^2 z + c_2 K^2 z^2 + c_3 K^3 z^3+ ..\)

and the left hand side expands as follows:

(14) \(~ ~ ~ T(f(z))=K\, (K z + c_2 z^2 + c_3 z^3 + ..) + a_2 \, ( K z + c_2 z^2 + ..)^2+ a_3 \, ( K z + ..)^3+..\)

(15) \(~ ~ ~T(f(z))=K^2 z + c_2 K z^2 + c_3 K z^3 + .. + a_2 K^2 z^2 +2 a_2 K c_2 z^3 + .. + a_3 K^3 z^3 + ..\)

(16) \(~ ~ ~T(f(z))=K^2 z + (c_2 K+a_2 K^2) z^2 +(c_3 K + 2 a_2 c_2 K + a_3 K^3) z^3 + ..\)

Combarison of coefficients at equal powers of \(z\) in (13) and (16) gives set of equations for coefficients \(c\):

(17) \(~ ~ ~ c_2 K^2 = c_2 K+a_2 K^2\)

(18) \(~ ~ ~ c_3 K^3 = c_3 K + 2 a_2 c_2 K^3 + a_3 K^3\)

and so on. Some advanced programming language, Mathematica or Maple, are strongly recommended, if one needs to calculate many coefficients \(c\) of the asymptotic expansion (12). For various transfer functions, similar expansion for superfunctions (related with the zooming function) and equivalent iterates are considered in century 21 .

However, first coefficients can be calculated also manually. Equation (17) and (18) can be rewritten as follows:

(19) \(~ ~ ~ c_2 (K\!-\!1)=a_2 K\)

(20) \(~ ~ ~ c_3 (K^2\!-\!1)= (2a_2c_2-a_3)K^2\)

With coefficients \(c\) and expansion (12), for \(K>1\), for some integer \(M>1\), the zooming function can be defined as follows

(21) \(~ ~ ~\displaystyle f_M(z)= K z + \sum_{m=1}^{M} c_m z^b\)

(22) \(~ ~ ~\displaystyle f(z)=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} T^M\! \big( f( K^{-M} z)\big)\)

Expression under the limit becomes small, where the asymptotic expansion is valid.

Generalisation

The regular iteration with the zooming equation above is useful for the transfer function \(T\), regular at its fixed point zero, while \(T'(0)=K>1\). This does not cover all the cases.

Expression (19) indicates that the expansion fails, if \(K\!=\! 1\), and this case is qualified as exotic iteration. For this "exotic" case, the superfunction and abel function can be used to calculate the non–integer iterate. .

It may happen, that the real–holomorphic transfer function has no real fixed points. One of such function is just \(T\!=\!\exp\). Problem of construction of real-holomorphic iterates of exponent, in particular, its iterate half, had been reported by Helmuth Kneser in 1950, and in 2011, the solution through the Cauchi integral and the superfunction had been suggested.

En fin, it may happen, that the real-holomorphic transfer function has no fixed points at all (neither real, nor complex). One example of such function is Trappmann function \(\mathrm{tra}(z)\!=\!z\!+\!\exp(z)~\); in 2013, its non-integer iterates are reported. .

The cases mentioned are considered also in the book Superfunctions.